Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

Insect pest control has continuously evolved from inorganics to botanicals, to chlo rinated hydrocarbons, to organophosphorus compounds and methylcarbamates, then synthetic pyrethroids and most recently synthetic nicotinoids as the major classes. These insecticides allowed high standards of crop protection at minimal cost. A limitation in each new class of compounds is the selection of resistant strains and ultimate control failures and this serves as a driving force to discover and develop replacement compounds to circumvent resistance and overcome problem areas. The nicotinoids now play a critical role in meeting this need. Three generations of chemicals are involved in the history of nicotinoid insecti cides. The first generation was the botanical nicotine used for at least three centuries to control sucking insect pests but largely replaced in the 1940s and 1950s by the more effective organophosphorus compounds and methylcarbamates, some with systemic properties. Synthesis programs based on nicotine as a prototype did not yield compounds that could compete with other synthetic insecticides. The second generation was the nitromethylene type such as nithiazine, discovered by Shell sci entists in a screening/optimization program. The nitromethylenes had the potency, selectivity, and systemic properties but lacked the field effectiveness largely because of photolability (so close yet so far from a major commercial product). The third generation required a series of advances made by Bayer researchers starting from nithiazine as the model and enhancing its photostability and potency with a nitroimine and chloropyridyl moiety, respectively, to give imidacloprid, the subject of much of this monograph.

The first book on nicotinoids Provides concise and comprehensive information on its chemistry, mode of action, metabolism, application in agriculture, and basic knowledge on the target site

Inhalt
1 Nicotine to Nicotinoids.- 1. Nicotine to Nicotinoids: 1962 to 1997.- 2. Nicotine and Other Insecticidal Alkaloids.- 3. Discovery of the Nitromethylene Heterocycle Insecticides.- 4. Discovery of Chloronicotinyl Insecticides.- 2 Synthetic Nicotinoid Insecticides.- 5. Chloronicotinyl Insecticides: A Success of the New Chemistry.- 6. Discovery of a New Systemic Insecticide, Nitenpyram and Its Insecticidal Properties.- 7. A Novel Insecticide, Acetamiprid.- 8. CGA 293'343: A Novel, Broad-Spectrum Neonicotinoid Insecticide.- 3 Nicotinoid Insecticide Toxicology.- 9. Imidacloprid: Toxicology and Metabolism.- 10. The Action of Nicotine in the Mammalian Brain.- 11. Nicotine Analogs: Structure-Affinity Relationships for Central Nicotinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor Binding.- 12. Managing Resistance to the Chloronicotinyl Insecticides-Rhetoric or Reality?.- 13. Structure and Function of Insect Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Studied with Nicotinoid Insecticide Affinity Probes.

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