New Trends in Fluorescence Spectroscopy

This first volume in the new Springer Series on Fluorescence brings together fundamental and applied research from this highly interdisciplinary and field, ranging from chemistry and physics to biology and medicine. Special attention is given to supramolecular systems, sensor applications, confocal microscopy and protein-protein interactions. This carefully edited collection of articles is an invaluable tool for practitioners and novices.

Inhalt
1 Historical Aspects of Fluorescence.- 1 Introduction: On the Origin of the Terms Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Luminescence.- References.- 2 Pioneering Contributions of Jean and Francis Perrin to Molecular Luminescence.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Biographical Sketches of Jean Perrin and Francis Perrin.- 2.3 The Perrin-Jablonski Diagram.- 2.3.1 Jablonski Diagram.- 2.3.2 États Métastables - Phosphorescence.- 2.4 Resonance Energy Transfer.- 2.5 Fluorescence Polarization.- 2.6 Concluding Remarks.- 2.7 Bibliographical Notes.- References.- 3 The Seminal Contributions of Gregorio Weber to Modern Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- 3.1 Overview.- 3.2 EarlyYears.- 3.3 Cambridge.- 3.4 Francis Perrin's Influence.- 3.5 Ph.D. Thesis.- 3.6 Postdoctoral.- 3.7 Sheffield.- 3.8 Intrinsic Protein Fluorescence.- 3.9 Red-Edge Effects.- 3.10 EEM.- 3.11 Brandeis.- 3.12 University of Illinois.- 3.13 Phase Fluorometry.- 3.14 Polarization Revisited.- 3.15 Students, Postdocs and Visitors.- 3.16 Commercialization of Fluorescence.- 3.17 National Laboratories.- 3.18 Honors.- 3.19 Proteins and Pressure.- References.- 2 Fluorescence of Molecular and Supramolecular Systems.- 4 Investigation of Femtosecond Chemical Reactivity by Means of Fluorescence Up-Conversion.- 4.1 Nanosecond and Picosecond Time-Resolved Fluorescence Techniques.- 4.1.1 Phase Modulation Spectroscopy.- 4.1.2 Time Correlated Single Photon Counting.- 4.1.3 Streak Cameras for Time-Domain Measurements.- 4.2 Femtosecond Emission Spectroscopy by Time-Gated Up-Conversion.- 4.2.1 Historical Background of the Time-Gated Up-Conversion Technique.- 4.2.2 Principle of the Time-Gated Up-Conversion Technique.- 4.2.2.1 Phase Matching Conditions.- 4.2.2.2 Quantum Efficiency for Up-Conversion.- 4.2.2.3 Group Velocity Effects.- 4.2.3 Experimental Setup.- 4.3 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy.- 4.3.1 Solvation Processes.- 4.3.1.1 Time-Dependent Fluorescence Stokes Shift (TDFSS) Non-Specific Solvation.- 4.3.1.2 Specific Solvation: Role of the Structure and the Charge of the Probe.- 4.3.1.3 Specific Solvation: Hydrogen Bond Dynamics.- 4.3.1.4 Isotope Effect.- 4.3.1.5 Spectral Narrowing in the 10 ps Time Scale.- 4.3.2 Photoinduced Intramolecular Charge Transfer.- 4.3.3 Intermolecular Electron Transfer.- 4.3.4 Intramolecular Proton Transfer.- 4.3.5 S2?S1 Internal Conversion.- 4.3.6 Biological Systems.- 4.4 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Spectroscopic Investigations of Intermolecular Interactions in Supercritical Fluids.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Instrumentation.- 5.3 Sample Preparation and Precautions..- 5.4 Selected Applications.- 5.5 Laser Flash Photolysis.- 5.6 Basic Picture Revealed by These Studies.- 5.7 The Future.- References.- 6 Space and Time Resolved Spectroscopy of Two-Dimensional Molecular Assemblies.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.1.1 Motivation.- 6.1.2 Models.- 6.2 Experimental.- 6.3 Results and Discussion.- 6.3.1 Inhomogeneous Multilayers: RB 18 and ARA.- 6.3.2 Homogeneous Multilayers: SRH+ARA.- 6.3.3 Multilayers of CV18 and ARA or DPPA.- 6.3.3.1 CV 18 in DPPA.- 6.3.3.2 Cd-Arachidate Multilayers.- 6.3.4 Intralayer Quenching of PYR18 by CV18.- 6.4 Conclusions.- References.- 7 From Cyanines to Styryl Bases - Photophysical Properties, Photochemical Mechanisms, and Cation Sensing Abilities of Charged and Neutral Polymethinic Dyes.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Cyanine Dyes.- 7.2.1 Photophysical Model Mechanisms.- 7.2.2 Complexation Properties.- 7.3 Styryl Dyes.- 7.3.1 Photophysical Model Mechanisms.- 7.3.2 Complexation Properties.- 7.4 Styryl Bases.- 7.4.1 Photophysical Model Mechanisms.- 7.4.2 Complexation Properties.- 7.4.2.1 Donor Acceptor Fluoroionophores.- 7.4.2.2 Donor Acceptor Donor Fluoroionophores.- 7.5 Conclusion.- References.- 8 Phototunable Metal Cation Binding Ability of Some Fluorescent Macrocydic Ditopic Receptors.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Anthraceno Coronands.- 8.2.1 Free Ligand.- 8.2.2 In the Presence of Metal Cation.- 8.3 Benzeno Coronands.- 8.3.1 BBO5O5.- 8.3.2 0TTO5O5.- 8.3.3 Fluorescence Anisotropy Experiments with BBO5O5.- 8.4 Conclusion.- References.- 3 Fluorescence in Sensing Applications.- 9 The Design of Molecular Artificial Sugar Sensing Systems.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Fluorescent Monoboronic Acids.- 9.3 Selective Recognition of Saccharides by Diboronic Acids.- 9.4 Introduction of the Concept of PET (Photoinduced Electron Transfer) Sensors.- 9.5 A Glucose Sensor and an Enantioselective Sensor.- 9.6 Conclusion.- References.- 10 PCT (Photoinduced Charge Transfer) Fluorescent Molecular Sensors for Cation Recognition.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Principles.- 10.3 PCT Sensors Based on the Interaction Between the Bound Cation and an Electron-Donating Group.- 10.3.1 Crown-Containing PCT Sensors.- 10.3.2 Chelating PCT Sensors.- 10.3.3 Cryptand-Based PCT Sensors.- 10.3.4 Calixarene-Based PCT Sensors.- 10.4 PCT Sensors Based on the Interaction Between the Bound Cation and an Electron-Withdrawing Group.- 10.4.1 Crown-Containing PCT Sensors.- 10.4.2 Calixarene-Based PCT Sensors.- 10.5 Conclusion.- References.- 11 Fluorometric Detection of Anion Activity and Temperature Changes.- 11.1 The Two-Component Approach to the Design of a Fluorescent Molecular Sensor.- 11.2 The Use of a [ZnII(tren)]2+ Platform for Anion Recognition and Fluorescent Sensing.- 11.3 Carboxylate Recognition Signalled by Fluorescence Enhancement.- 11.4 The Design of a Molecular Fluorescent Thermometer.- References.- 12 Oxygen Diffusion in Polymer Films for Luminescence Barometry Applications.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.1.1 Measuring Oxygen Transport.- 12.2 Oxygen Diffusion and Luminescence Quenching.- 12.2.1 Diffusion-Controlled Reactions.- 12.2.2 Quenching and Oxygen Diffusion.- 12.3 Silicone Polymers.- 12.3.1 PDMS.- 12.3.2 Genesee Resins.- 12.4 Poly(aminothionylphosphazenes) (PATP).- 12.5 Modified Poly(aminothionylphosphazenes).- 12.5.1 MSPTP.- 12.5.2 PTHF.- 12.5.3 C4PATP-PTHF Block Copolymers.- 12.5.4 MSPTP-PTHF.- 12.6 Summary.- References.- 13 Dual Lifetime Referencing (DLR) - a New Scheme for Converting Fluorescence Intensity into a Frequency- Domain or Time-Domain Information.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Theoretical Background.- 13.2.1 Frequency Domain DLR Spectroscopy.- 13.2.2 Time-Domain DLR Spectroscopy.- 13.3 Phosphorescent Standards.- 13.4 Instrumentation.- 13.5 DLR Applications.- 13.5.1 Homogeneous Assays.- 13.5.2 DLR Based Optical Sensors.- 13.5.2.1 Optical Chloride Sensor Based on DLR.- 13.5.2.2 Fiber Optic pCO2 Microsensor Based on DLR.- 13.5.3 DLR Imaging Using Planar Optical pH Sensors.- 13.5.4 Outlook.- References.- 4 New Techniques of Fluorescence Microscopy in Biology.- 14 Two-Photon Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Instrumentation.- 14.2.1 Laser.- 14.2.2 Microscope Objectives.- 14.2.3 Microscope, Filters, and Electronics.- 14.3 Autocorrelation.- 14.3.1 Single Species.- 14.3.2 Calibration of the Excitation Volume.- 14.3.3 Comparison of Models.- 14.3.4 Multiple Species.- 14.4 Moment Analysis.- 14.4.1 Comparison Between PCH and Moment Analysis.- 14.5 Conclusions.- References.- 15 Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy of Signal Transduction Protein Reactions in Cells.- 15.1 Imaging Protein States by FRET.- 15.2 FRET Imaging by Donor Fluorescence Lifetime.- 15.3 Acceptor Photobleaching in FRET Imaging.- 15.4 Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy.- 15.5 Global Analysis and the Population of States.- 15.6 Conclusions.- References.- 16 New Techniques for DNA Sequencing Based on Diode Laser Excitation and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Detection.- 16.1 Introduct…

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