Mono-Olefins

Mono-Olefins: Chemistry and Technology is a translation from the German and deals with the study of olefins from low ethylene to hexenes and olefins from the high hexenes to eicosenes.
The book describes the gaseous or low-boiling olefins and the higher, normally liquid olefins (which have only a minor role in applications in the chemical industry). The olefins are considered important as they are added in the distillation of off-gases in refineries. Although the liquid olefins are used sparingly, these are needed to manufacture lubricants, synthetic detergents, and the higher aliphatic alcohols. The book then explains the three processes used to separate olefin containing mixtures of gases into fractions by the C-number or to convert olefins in the pure state: distillation, absorption, and adsorption. The author then describes the processes in manufacturing carburetor fuel from petroleum and natural gases. Petroleum oil is a mixture of paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons and has no olefins. The text describes the complete process of refining petroleum into different products such as gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, and spotting benzenes. Then the book explains the polymerization of olefins to produce carburetor fuels either by the thermal method or catalytic method. The text notes some research made into double-bond isomerization in mono-olefins and their possible applications.
This book is beneficial to industrial chemists, researchers, technical designers, and engineers whose works are related with oil refinery and fossil fuels.

Inhalt
Chapter 1. Mono-olefins Necessarily Arising in Various Processes

I. Introduction


II. The Gaseous or Low-boiling Olefins


III. The Gaseous Mono-olefins


A. Refinery Gases


B. Cracked Gases


C. The Gaseous Olefins from the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis


D. The Gaseous Olefins from Coal


E. Ethylene in the Pyrolysis Gases from the Manufacture of Acetylene


IV. The Higher Olefins


A. General


B. Higher Olefins Arising as Unavoidable by-products


Chapter 2. The Direct Preparation of the Olefins


I. Introduction


II. The Dehydrogenation of Gaseous Paraffinic Hydrocarbons


A. Catalytic Dehydrogenation


B. Thermal Dehydrogenation


III. The Direct Manufacture of Gaseous Olefins by the Pyrolysis of Lower and Higher Aliphatic Hydrocarbons


A. Introduction


B. The Pyrolysis of Gaseous Paraffinic Hydrocarbons (Gas Cracking)


IV. The Direct Manufacture of Gaseous Olefins by the Pyrolysis of Higher Hydrocarbons, Particularly Petroleum and its Fractions, without the Simultaneous Production of Aromatic Hydrocarbons


A. The Kellogg Steam Pyrolysis Process


B. The Process for the Manufacture of Olefins by the Pyrolysis of Petroleum Oils and Petroleum Residues by Continuous Coking (Hoechst Coker Process)


C. The B.A.S.F. Fluidized-bed Process for the Manufacture of Ethylene from Crude Oils or Oil Residues Autothermally


D. The Lurgi-Ruhrgas Sand-Cracker


V. The Direct Manufacture of the Gaseous Olefins by the Pyrolysis of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Particularly Petroleum and its Fractions, with the Simultaneous Production of Aromatic hydrocarbons


A. General


B. The Technical Processes for the Manufacture of Olefins and romatic Hydrocarbons by the Pyrolysis of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons


VI. The Manufacture of Ethylene by the Partial Hydrogénation of Acetylene


A. General


B. General Remarks on the Partial Reduction of Acetylene


C. The Manufacture of Acetylene


D. The Technical Performance of the Partial Hydrogénation of Acetylene to Ethylene


E. The Manufacture of Ethylene Together with Acetylene


VII. The Manufacture of the Lower Olefins by the Catalytic Dehydration of Alcohols


VIII. The Manufacture of the Higher Olefins for their Own Sake


A. The Manufacture of the Higher Olefins by the Di-, Tri-, and Tetramerization of Normally Gaseous Olefins


B. Other Propene Polymerization Processes for the Preparation of the te tramer


C. The Di- and Trimerization of Ethylene over Cobalt on Active Carbon


D. The Polymerization of Gaseous Olefins over Nickel Oxide-silica-alumina Catalysts


E. The Mixed Polymerization of Propene with Isobutene


F. The Polymerization of Mixtures of Isohexene and Isoheptene


G. The Mülheim Synthesis of Olefins by the Directed Polymerization of Ethylene and its Homologues


H. Olefins from the Cracking of Paraffin Wax


I. The Laboratory-scale Preparation of Pure Olefins with a Strictly defined Position of the Double Bond


Chapter 3. The Concentration or Isolation of Olefins from Olefin-Containing Gases


I. General


II. The Distillation Processes


A. The Removal of Acetylene from Acetylene-containing Mixtures of Gases by Partial Hydrogénation to Ethylene


B. The Low-temperature Hydrogénation of Acetylenes of the C3 or C4 Fraction in the Liquid Phase


C. The Removal of Acetylene from the C2 Fraction by Distillation


D. The Separation of a Pyrolysis Gas by the Low-Temperature Pressure Distillation Process (Compression-Condensation Process)


III. The Concentration of Aliphatic Gaseous Hydrocarbons and their Separation According to C-number by the Compression-absorption Process (Pressure Oil Wash)


A. The Working up of the Products of Propane Pyrolysis by the Compressionabsorption Process (Pressure Oil Wash) for Ethylene with Separation of the Total Absorbate from the Wash Oil and Subsequent Individual Separation According to C-number in the Absence of the Absorption Oil


B. The Combined Treatment of a Refinery and a Pyrolysis Gas by Means of the Compression-absorption Process with Separation of the Absorbate According to C-number in the Presence of the Absorption Oil


C. The Working up of the Gases from Catalytically Cracked Gas-oils by the Absorption Process


D. The Selective Absorption of Ethylene in Copper Salt Solutions


IV. The Removal of Hydrocarbons from Hydrocarbon-poor Gases and their Separation According to C-number Continuously by the Adsorption Process


A. The Hypersorption Process


B. The Separation of the C3 Fraction ( P-P Fraction)


C. The Separation of the B-B Fraction into its Constituents


D. Separation of the Isoamylenes from a C5 Fraction from Catalytic Cracked Gasolines


E. The Separation of Mixtures of Low-molecular-weight Olefins and Paraffins with Similar Boiling Points by Extractive Distillation


Chapter 4. The Manufacture of High-Efficiency Carburettor Fuels


I. Introduction


A. The Knocking Behavior of Carburettor Fuels (Octane Number)


B. General Remarks on the Processing of Petroleum Oils


II. The Thermal and Catalytic Cracking of Petroleum and its Fractions


A. The Composition of Petroleum Oils


B. Fundamental Considerations on the Cracking of Hydrocarbons under the Conditions of Gasoline Manufacture


C. The primary Reactions in the Thermal Cracking Process


D. The Secondary Reactions in the Thermal Cracking Process


E. The practice of Thermal Cracking


F. The Starting Materials for the Thermal Cracking Processes and the Conditions of their Treatment


G. Catalytic Cracking


H. The Catalytic Reforming Processes


Chapter 5. The Working Up of Lower, Normally Gas…

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