Phylogeny of the Primates

The past decade has witnessed a tremendous surge of interest in varied aspects of primate biology, encompassing virtually all disciplines of the biological sciences. Regardless of whether these studies have been approached from a paleontological, morphological, developmental, biochemical, neuroanatomical, or behavioral point of view, one under lying theme has been a common interest in the possible phylogenetic relationships suggested by the results of such studies. In some cases, sound taxonomic principles have not been followed in the interpretation of these data, and this has led to skepticism among many taxonomists with regard to the validity of some of the genealogical relationships and conclusions suggested by comparative studies of living primates. It is generally agreed that the fossil record alone provides the essential time dimension for directly observing changes in characteristics, but unfortunately this record is limited both in the number of genera represented and particularly in the incomplete nature of the available preserved material. On the other hand, extensive comparative analyses of numerous characteristics in living primates have provided additional insight into possible phylogenetic relationships, despite the lack of a time dimension. Such studies of both fossil and living primates are enhanced considerably by a cladistic analysis of the probable primitive (ancestral) or advanced (derived) condition of each character state discussed, based upon their distribution (and ontogeny, wherever possible) in a wide variety of primate and nonprimate taxa, including other eutherian mammals, marsupials, mono tremes, and reptiles.

Inhalt
Background to Primate Phylogeny.- 1. Recent Advances in Methods of Phylogenetic Inference.- 2. Toward a Phylogenetic Classification of the Mammalia.- 3. Phylogeny, Behavior, and Ecology in the Mammalia.- 4. Nocturnality and Diurnality: An Ecological Interpretation of These Two Modes of Life by an Analysis of the Higher Vertebrate Fauna in Tropical Forest Ecosystems.- Phylogeny of Primate Higher Taxa.- 5. Phylogeny of Primate Higher Taxa: The Basicranial Evidence.- 6. The Development of the Chondrocranium in Primates.- 7. Ontogeny of the Fetal Membranes and Placenta: Their Bearing on Primate Phylogeny.- 8. The Central Nervous System: Its Uses and Limitations in Assessing Phylogenetic Relationships.- 9. The Visual System of Primates in Phylogenetic Studies.- 10. Protein Sequence and Immunological Specificity: Their Role in Phylogenetic Studies of Primates.- 11. DNA Evolution Data and Its Relevance to Mammalian Phylogeny.- Strepsirhine Phylogeny.- 12. The Bearing of Reproductive Behavior and Ontogeny on Strepsirhine Phylogeny.- 13. Relationships among the Malagasy Lemurs: The Craniodental Evidence.- 14. Strepsirhine Basicranial Structures and the Affinities of the Cheirogaleidae.- Haplorhine Phylogeny.- 15. Phylogeny, Adaptations, and Dispersal of the Tarsiiform Primates.- 16. Evolution and Interrelationships of the Catarrhine Primates.- 17. Parallelism, Brachiation, and Hominoid Phylogeny.

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