The Geological Evolution of the River Nile

This book gives the geological history of the river Nile since it started to excavate its course in the Egyptian plateaus in late Miocene time in response to the lowering sea level of the desic­ cating Mediterranean. It formed a canyon longer, deeper, and just as awe inspiring as the Grand Canyon, Arizona. The canyon was transgressed by the advancing Mediterranean as it started filling during the early Pliocene, and since then by a number of rivers which ebbed and flowed as they succeeded one another. The modern Nile is a recent and humble successor to mighty rivers which once occupied the Nile Valley. Dallas, Texas Rushdi Said August 1981 Acknowledgments This book is based on field work carried out in Egypt during the seasons 1961-1978 while the author was a member of the Com­ bined Prehistoric Expedition sponsored by Southern Methodist University, the Polish Academy of Science, and the Geological Survey of Egypt. Grateful acknowledgment is made to Professor Fred Wendorf, leader of the Expedition, and to several members for their fruitful discussions. Notable among these arepr. Claude Albritton, Southern Methodist University, and Dr. J. De Heinze­ lin, University of Ghent, Belgium. The field work was aided by geologists M. S. Abdel Ghany and A. Zaghloul of the Geological Survey of Egypt. The drafting was by Reed Ellis and Hoda S. Ar­ manious. I am also grateful to Dr. M. K.

Inhalt
I Introduction.- I-1 The Nile Basin.- I-2 Previous Literature.- II The Nile in Egypt.- II-l The Eonile (Tmu).- II-2 The Eonile/Paleonile Interval (Tmu/Tplu).- Origin of the Nile Gulf.- II-3 The Paleonile (Tplu).- Surface Exposures.- The Paleonile Deltaic Deposits.- Possible Sources of the Paleonile.- II-4 The Paleonile/Protonile Interval (Tplu/Q1).- The Armant Formation.- The Issawia Formation.- II-5 The Protonile (Q1).- II-6 The Prenile (Q2).- II-7 The Prenile/Neonile Interval (Q2/Q3).- II-8 The Neonile (Q3).- The Basal Neonile Deposits.- The Older Neonile Deposits.- The Younger Neonile Deposits.- The Modern Nile.- III Geological History and Concluding Remarks.- III-l The Middle Miocene (Tmm).- III-2 The Late Miocene (Tmu).- III-3 The Early Pliocene (Tpll).- III-4 The Late Pliocene (Tplu).- III-5 The Pleistocene (Q).- The Early Pleistocene (Q1).- The Middle Pleistocene (Q2).- The Late Pleistocene (Q3).- Appendix A Tables of Boundaries of Rock and Time-Rock Units in Deep and Shallow Boreholes and in Measured Surface Sections.- Appendix B Alphabetical List of Formational Names.- Appendix C New Reflection Seismic Evidence of a Late Miocene Nile Canyon by Felix P. Bentz and Judson B. Hughes.- References.

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