The Geology of the Atlantic Ocean

The explosion of interest, effort, and information about the ocean since about 1950 has produced many thousand scientific articles and many hun­ dred books. In fact, the outpouring has been so large that authors have been unable to read much of what has been published, so they have tended to concentrate their own work within smaller and smaller subfields of oceanog­ raphy. Summaries of information published in books have taken two main paths. One is the grouping of separately authored chapters into symposia­ type books, with their inevitable overlaps and gaps between chapters. The other is production of lightly researched books containing drawings and tables from previous pUblications, with due credit given but showing assem­ bly-line writing with little penetration of the unknown. Only a few books have combined new and previous data and thoughts into new maps and syntheses that relate the contributions of observed biological, chemical, geological, and physical processes to solve broad problems associated with the shape, composition, and history of the oceans. Such a broad synthesis is the objective of this book, in which we tried to bring together many of the pieces of research that were deemed to be of manageable size by their originators. The composite may form a sort of plateau above which later studies can rise, possibly benefited by our assem­ bly of data in the form of new maps and figures.

Inhalt
1. Exploration.- Ancient Man.- Early North African and European Voyages.- General.- Celts.- Phoenicians-Iberians.- Egyptians-Libyans.- Greeks-Massilians.- Romans.- Vikings-Norse.- Maps.- European Voyages after 1400 A.D..- General.- Africa.- North America.- South America.- 2. Physiography.- Historical Development.- Hypsometry.- Physiographic Diagrams.- Land Areas.- Coasts and Shores.- Seacliffs.- Estuaries and Lagoons.- Continental Shelves.- Definitions.- Dimensions.- Detailed Morphology.- General.- Glacial, Diapir, Fault, and Slump Topographies.- Subaerial Topography.- Submerged Shore Topography.- Youthful Marine Topography.- Sea-Level History.- General.- The Past 36,000 Years.- The Past 6000 Years.- The Past 100 Years.- Future Levels.- Continental Slopes.- Definitions and Dimensions.- General Topography.- Carbonate Platforms and Escarpments.- Salt and Mud Diapirs.- Tectonism.- Submarine Canyons.- Landslide Scars.- Large Deltas and Deep-Ocean Cones.- Continental Rises.- General.- Deep-Ocean Channels.- Mass Movements.- Origin.- Abyssal Plains.- Abyssal Aprons.- General.- Sediment Drifts.- Other Sedimentary Features.- Eroded Areas of Deep-Ocean Floor.- Spreading (Primary) Ridges and Fracture Zones.- Geophysical Background.- North Atlantic Ocean.- South Atlantic Ocean.- Some General Characteristics.- Bathymetric Interpretations.- Poles of Plate Rotation.- Packets and Wedges of Fracture Zones.- Longitudinal Profiles.- Transverse Profiles.- Abyssal Hills.- Rock Falls and Slumps.- Convergence Ridges.- Aseismic Ridges.- General.- Mantle Plumes.- Extinct Spreading Belts.- Extinct Subduction Belt.- Horsts of Oceanic Crustal Rocks.- Microcontinents.- Continental Extensions.- Sedimentary Ridges.- Active Volcanoes.- Seamounts and Guyots.- Troughs.- General.- Glacial Troughs.- Carbonate Troughs.- Fracture Zone Troughs.- Divergence Troughs.- Plate Translation Troughs.- Convergence Troughs.- Sediment Troughs.- Troughs in Continental Crust.- Trenches.- 3. Internal Igneous Structure.- Historical Development.- Core.- General.- Geomagnetism.- Geoid.- Mantle.- General.- Seismicity.- Heat Flow.- Geoid and Gravity.- Composition.- Top of Mantle.- Oceanic Crust (Layer 3).- Seismic Properties.- Thickness and Depth to Top.- Composition.- Basaltic Layer (Layer 2).- Seismic Properties.- Thickness and Depth to Top.- Composition and Origin.- Magnetic Reversals.- Importance to Plate Tectonics.- Recognition and Origin.- Dating of Reversals.- Mapping of Lineations.- Slope Anomaly.- Smooth (Quiet) Zones (Belts).- Spreading Belts.- Triple Junctions.- Age of Layer 2.- Magnetic Pole Positions.- Modern and Historical Times.- Geological Times.- Paleogeography.- Plate Movements and Opening of Atlantic Ocean.- Paleobiogeography.- Paleosealevels and Plate Movements.- Previous and Future Atlantic Oceans.- Continental Crust.- General Structure.- Magnetic Patterns.- Seismicity.- General.- Divergence Boundaries.- Translation Boundaries.- Convergence Boundaries.- Plate Interiors.- Gravity.- General.- Plate Convergence.- Plate Divergence.- Plate Translation.- Less Completely Compensated at Depth.- Topography of Ocean Surface.- 4. The Syn-Rift Supersequence and Crustal Boundary.- Pangaea and Its Construction.- Background.- Information from North Atlantic Fragments.- Information from the South Atlantic.- Pangaea as a Whole.- Breakup of Pangaea.- Early Stages.- Southern North Atlantic.- Southernmost North Atlantic.- South Atlantic.- Northern North Atlantic.- Continental/Oceanic Crustal Boundary.- Continental Separation.- Divergent Margins.- General Forms.- Listric Faulting.- Listric Faulting/Intrusion.- Normal Faulting and Outer Highs.- Basement Hinge.- Listric Faulting Model (With or Without Outer Highs).- Normal Faulting and Outer-High Model.- Basement Hinge Model.- Translation Margins.- Distribution and Cause.- North Atlantic.- Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, Northern South America, Gulf of Guinea.- South Atlantic.- Divergent-Convergent Margin of Northern Spain.- Convergent (Oceanic Subduction) Margins.- 5. Drift Supersequence.- Background.- Southern North Atlantic.- Tectonic Setting.- Lower Jurassic.- Scotian Margin.- Georges Bank.- Baltimore Canyon Trough.- West African Margin.- Middle Jurassic.- Scotian Margin.- Georges Bank.- Baltimore Canyon Trough.- Deep Ocean: West Side.- West African Margin.- Upper Jurassic to Lowermost Cretaceous (Berriasian).- Scotian Margin.- Georges Bank.- Baltimore Canyon Trough.- Carolina Trough-Blake Plateau.- Deep Ocean: West Side.- West African Margin.- Deep Ocean: East Side.- Upper Tithonian/Valanginian to Barremian.- Scotian Margin.- Georges Bank.- Baltimore Canyon Trough.- Carolina Trough-Blake Plateau.- Deep Ocean: West Side.- West African Margin.- Deep Ocean: East Side.- Aptian to Maestrichtian.- Scotian Margin.- Georges Bank.- Baltimore Canyon Trough.- Carolina Trough-Blake Plateau-Bahamas.- Deep Ocean: West Side.- West African Margin.- Deep Ocean: East Side.- Cenozoic.- Scotian Margin.- Georges Bank.- Long Island Platform-Baltimore Canyon.- Trough-Carolina Trough.- Blake Plateau-Bahamas.- Deep Ocean: West Side.- West African Margin.- Deep Ocean: East Side.- Gulf of Mexico.- Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) to Lowermost Cretaceous (Berriasian).- Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian to Mid-Cenomanian).- Upper Cretaceous (Mid-Cenomanian) to Mid-Paleocene (Danian).- Upper Paleocene (Thanetian) to Lower Eocene (Ypresian) and Lower Eocene (Ypresian) to Upper Oligocene (Chattian).- Upper Oligocene (Chattian) to Upper Miocene(Messinian).- Upper Miocene (Messinian) to Pliocene.- Quaternary.- Caribbean Sea.- Yucatan Basin.- Chords Block.- Colombia Basin-Beata Ridge-Venezuela Basin.- Northern and Southern Margins of Venezuela Basin.- Aves Ridge-Grenada Trough-Antilles Ridge-Barbados Ridge.- Southern Ocean.- South Atlantic.- Falkland Plateau Region.- Agulhas Plateau.- Argentina Basin.- Cape Basin.- Torres Ridge -Walvis Ridge.- Brazil Basin.- Mid-Atlantic Ridge.- Angola Basin.- Equatorial Atlantic.- General.- Northern Brazilian Margin.- Gulf of Guinea.- Northern North Atlantic.- General Iberian Geology.- Western Iberian Margin.- Northern Iberian Margin (Southern Margin Bay of Biscay).- Northeastern Margin of Bay of Biscay.- North Sea (North-West European Basin).- Newfoundland Margin.- South Labrador Margin.- Labrador Marginal Trough.- West Rockall Plateau and East Greenland Margins.- Deep-Ocean Floor.- General Structure.- Cretaceous to Eocene.- Horizon R4.- Oligocene to Present.- 6. Sediment Provenance and Properties.- General.- Present Volumes.…

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