Grid Integration of Wind Energy

This popular reference describes the integration of wind-generated power into electrical power systems and, with the use of advanced control systems, illustrates how wind farms can be made to operate like conventional power plants.

Fully revised, the third edition provides up-to-date coverage on new generator developments for wind turbines, recent technical developments in electrical power conversion systems, control design and essential operating conditions. With expanded coverage of offshore technologies, this edition looks at the characteristics and static and dynamic behaviour of offshore wind farms and their connection to the mainland grid.

Brand new material includes:
* comprehensive treatment of onshore and offshore grid integration
* updated legislative guidelines for the design, construction and installation of wind power plants
* the fundamental characteristics and theoretical tools of electrical and mechanical components and their interactions
* new and future types of generators, converters, power electronics and controller designs
* improved use of grid capacities and grid support for fixed- and variable-speed controlled wind power plants
* options for grid control and power reserve provision in wind power plants and wind farms

This resource is an excellent guide for researchers and practitioners involved in the planning, installation and grid integration of wind turbines and power plants. It is also highly beneficial to university students studying wind power technology, renewable energy and power systems, and to practitioners in wind engineering, turbine design and manufacture and electrical power engineering.

Autorentext
Professor Siegfried Heier, Universitaet Kassel, Institut fuer Elektrische Energietechnik, Germany Siegfried Heier is currently the Head of the Wind Engineering department at Kassel University, Germany. He has been a Professor at the university since 1979. He is the initiator and head of many research projects in the field of wind engineering and he has published more than 70 articles about generator systems, and control and grid integration of wind energy converts. Professor Heier has also written books in the area, such as Windkraftanlagen (B.G. Teubner), now in its 5th Edition. Siegfried currently holds two patents.

Inhalt
Preface xi Notation xiii 1 Wind Energy Power Plants 1 1.1 Wind Turbine Structures 1 1.2 A Brief History 4 1.3 Milestones of Development 5 1.4 Functional Structures of Wind Turbines 20 References 30 2 Wind Energy Conversion Systems 31 2.1 Drive Torque and Rotor Power 31 2.1.1 Inputs and outputs of a wind turbine 31 2.1.2 Power extraction from the airstream 32 2.1.3 Determining power or driving torque by the blade element method 34 2.1.4 Simplifying the computation method 38 2.1.5 Modeling turbine characteristics 40 2.2 Turbines 46 2.2.1 Hub and turbine design 50 2.2.2 Rotor blade geometry 51 2.3 Power Control by Turbine Manipulation 57 2.3.1 Turbine yawing 57 2.3.2 Rotor blade pitch variation 67 2.3.3 Limiting power by stall control 97 2.3.4 Power control using speed variation 100 2.4 Mechanical Drive Trains 102 2.5 System Data of a Wind Power Plant 108 2.5.1 Turbine and drive train data 108 2.5.2 Machine and tower masses 110 2.5.3 Machine costs 111 References 116 3 Generating Electrical Energy from Mechanical Energy 119 3.1 Constraints and Demands on the Generator 119 3.2 Energy Converter Systems 122 3.2.1 Asynchronous generator construction 125 3.2.2 Synchronous generator construction 126 3.3 Operational Ranges of Asynchronous and Synchronous Machines 126 3.4 Static and Dynamic Torque 132 3.4.1 Static torque 133 3.4.2 Dynamic torque 147 3.5 Generator Simulation 154 3.5.1 Synchronous machines 155 3.5.2 Asynchronous machines 160 3.6 Design Aspects 161 3.6.1 Asynchronous generators 162 3.6.2 Synchronous generators for gearless plants 174 3.6.3 Multi-generator concept (Dissertation A. Ezzahraoui) 187 3.6.4 Ring generator with magnetic bearings (Dissertation K. Messol) 194 3.6.5 Compact superconductive and other new generator concepts 197 3.7 Machine Data 199 3.7.1 Mass and cost relationships 200 3.7.2 Characteristic values of asynchronous machines 202 3.7.3 Characteristic values of synchronous machines 204 References 208 4 The Transfer of Electrical Energy to the Supply Grid 210 4.1 Power Conditioning and Grid Connection 210 4.1.1 Converter systems 212 4.1.2 Power semiconductors for converters 215 4.1.3 Functional characteristics of power converters 218 4.1.4 Converter designs 222 4.1.5 Indirect converter 223 4.1.6 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) 236 4.1.7 Protective measures during power conditioning 237 4.2 Grid Protection 238 4.2.1 Fuses and grid disconnection 239 4.2.2 Short-circuiting power 239 4.2.3 Increase of short-circuit power 242 4.2.4 Isolated operation and rapid auto-reclosure 245 4.2.5 Overvoltages in the event of grid faults 247 4.3 Grid Effects 247 4.3.1 General compatibility and interference 247 4.3.2 Output behavior of wind power plants 248 4.3.3 Voltage response in grid supply 260 4.3.4 Harmonics and subharmonics 271 4.3.5 Voltage faults and the fault-ride-through (FRT) 279 4.4 Resonance Effects in the Grid During Normal Operation 284 4.5 Remedial Measures against Grid Effects and Grid Resonances 290 4.5.1 Filters 290 4.5.2 Filter design 292 4.5.3 Function of harmonic absorber filters and compensation units 293 4.5.4 Grid-specific filter layout 294 4.5.5 Utilizing compensating effects 297 4.6 Grid Control and Protection 300 4.6.1 Supply by wind turbines 300 4.6.2 Grid support and grid control with wind turbines and other renewable systems 301 4.6.3 Central reactive power control 305 4.6.4 System services and operation 308 4.6.5 Connection of wind turbine to the transmission grid 310 4.7 Grid Connection Rules 311 4.8 Grid Connection in the Offshore Region 317 4.8.1 Offshore wind farm properties 317 4.8.2 Stationary and dynamic behavior of offshore wind farms 319 4.8.3 Wind farm and cluster formation at sea and grid connection 319 4.8.4 Electrical energy transmission to the mainland 323 4.8.5 Reactive power requirement and reactive power provision in the offshore grid 325 4.8.6 Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) 330 4.9 Integration of the Wind Energy into the Grid and Provision of Energy 333 4.9.1 Grid extension 333 4.9.2 Provision of energy 335 4.9.3 Control and reserve power 337 4.9.4 Power reserve provision with wind farms (Dissertation A. J. Gesino) 338 4.9.5 Intercontinental grid connections 346 References 346 5 Control and Supervision of Wind Turbines 355 5.1 System Requirements and Operating Modes 356 5.2 Isolated Operation of Wind Turbines 358 5.2.1 Turbines without a blade pitch adjustment mechanism 359 5.2.2 Plants with a blade pitch adjustment mechanism 360 5.2.3 Plants with load management 362 5.2.4 Turbine control by means of a bypass 362 5.3 Grid Operation of Wind Turbines 363 5.4 Control Concepts 367 5.4.1 Control in isolated operation 367 5.4.2 Regulation of variable-speed turbines 371 5.4.3 Regulation of variable-slip asynchronous generators 373 5.4.4 Regulation of turbines with a rigid connection to the grid 388 5.4.5 Wind turbine control using hydrodynamic variable-speed superimposing gears 390 5.5 Controller Design 390 5.5.1 Adjustment processes and torsional moments at the rotor blades 392 5.5.2 Standardizing and linearizing the variables 395 5.5.3 Control circuits and simplified dimensioning 400 5.5.4 Improving the control characteristics 404 5.5.5 Control design for wind turbines 410 5.6 Management System 411 5.6.1 Operating states 412 5.6.2 Faults 423 5.6.3 Determining the state of system components 424 5.7 Monitoring and Safety Systems 424 5.7.1 Wind measuring devices 425 5.7.2 Oscillation monitoring 425 5.7.3 Grid surveillance and lightning protection 426 5.7.4 Surveillance computer 426 5.7.5 Fault pre…

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