The Braconid and Ichneumonid Parasitoid Wasps

The Ichneumonoidea is a vast and important superfamily of parasitic wasps, with some 60,000 described species and estimated numbers far higher, especially for small-bodied tropical taxa. The superfamily comprises two cosmopolitan families - Braconidae and Ichneumonidae - that have largely attracted separate groups of researchers, and this, to a considerable extent, has meant that understanding of their adaptive features has often been considered in isolation. This book considers both families, highlighting similarities and differences in their
adaptations.
The classification of the whole of the Ichneumonoidea, along with most other insect orders, has been plagued by typology whereby undue importance has been attributed to particular characters in defining groups. Typology is a common disease of traditional taxonomy such that, until recently, quite a lot of taxa have been associated with the wrong higher clades. The sheer size of the group, and until the last 30 or so years, lack of accessible identification materials, has been a further impediment to research on all but a handful of 'lab rat' species usually cultured initially because of their potential in biological control.
New evidence, largely in the form of molecular data, have shown that many morphological, behavioural, physiological and anatomical characters associated with basic life history features, specifically whether wasps are ecto- or endoparasitic, or idiobiont or koinobiont, can be grossly misleading in terms of the phylogeny they suggest. This book shows how, with better supported phylogenetic hypotheses entomologists can understand far more about the ways natural selection is acting upon them.
This new book also focuses on this superfamily with which the author has great familiarity and provides a detailed coverage of each subfamily, emphasising anatomy, taxonomy and systematics, biology, as well as pointing out the importance and research potential of each group. Fossil taxa are included and it also has sections on
biogeography, global species richness, culturing and rearing and preparing specimens for taxonomic study. The book highlights areas where research might be particularly rewarding and suggests systems/groups that need investigation. The author provides a large compendium of references to original research on each group. This book is an essential workmate for all postgraduates and researchers working on ichneumonoid or other parasitic wasps worldwide. It will stand as a reference book for a good number of years, and while rapid advances in various fields such as genomics and host physiological interactions will lead to new information, as an overall synthesis of the current state it will stay relevant for a long time.

Autorentext
Donald L. J. Quicke is currently Visiting Professor at the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand. He graduated from Oxford University with a degree in zoology and after doctoral and postdoctoral work on snail neurophysiology, sea anemone ecology and spider venoms, made parasitic wasps, and especially the ichneumonoid wasp family Braconidae, his main love and research interest. He held a lectureship at Sheffield University, moved to Imperial College London in 1993 and held a joint post between them and the Natural History Museum, London, until retiring in 2013 to live in Thailand. He was made Professor of Systematics in 2008. He has travelled widely collecting and studying parasitic wasps, especially in Africa. Over the past years he has described more than 560 new species and 76 new genera, including a number of fossil taxa, as well as making extensive studies of functional anatomy parasitic wasp ovipositors which are of enormous biological importance. A lot of his recent work has concerned global diversity estimation and patterns.

Inhalt
Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Life history 5 Systematics 6 PART 1 MORPHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY 7 2 ADULT EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY 9 Head 10 Antennal sensilla 12 Antennal glands and tyloids 14 Palps 15 Mesosoma 15 Legs 17 Wings wing venation and wing cells 18 Confusing and sometimes erroneously applied vein names 26 Wing flexion lines 27 Metasoma 29 Sexual dimorphism 30 Male external genitalia 32 3 THE OVIPOSITOR AND OVIPOSITOR SHEATHS 35 The act of oviposition 39 Functional morphology of wood-drillers 41 Ovipositor stabilisation guides and buckling force 43 Ovipositor notches and endoparasitism 44 Ovipositor steering mechanisms 44 Proposed evolutionary and related ovipositor transitions 48 Number position and possible functions of ovipositor valvilli 50 Venom retention and delivery 52 Ovipositor secretory pores 53 Ovipositor sensilla 54 Ovipositor sheaths 55 4 INTERNAL AND REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY 57 Nervous system 58 Digestive tract 58 Female internal reproductive system 59 Ovaries 59 Time scale of egg maturation 60 Spermatheca 61 Common oviduct and vaginal gland 62 Venom gland and reservoir 63 Dufour's gland 64 Cuticular hydrocarbons 66 Sex pheromones 67 Male internal reproductive system 68 Sperm ultrastructure 69 Spermatogeny index 70 5 IMMATURE STAGES 71 Eggs and oögenesis 72 Hydropic and anhydropic eggs 72 Embryogenesis 73 Embryonic membranes 75 Larva 76 Larval feeding and nutrition 81 Larval food consumption and dietary efficiency 82 Lipid metabolism 82 Respiration in endoparasitoids 83 Larval secretions 83 The pupal stage 84 Cocoons 84 6 IDIOBIONTS KOINOBIONTS AND OTHER LIFE HISTORY TRAITS 87 Parasitoidism 88 Idiobiont and koinobiont strategies 88 Generalists and specialists 89 Ecto- and endoparasitism 90 Permanent host paralysis 91 Gregarious development 91 Superparasitism 92 Larval combat and physiological suppression 93 Adaptive superparasitism 95 Multiparasitism 96 Obligate and preferential multiparasitism 99 Hyperparasitism and pseudohyperparasitism 99 Kleptoparasitism 100 Evolution of life history strategies 100 7 SEX COURTSHIP AND MATING 107 Sex determination 108 Local mate competition and avoidance of inbreeding 110 Sex allocation 110 Protandry and virginity 112 Thelytoky and cytoplasmic incompatibility 113 Mate location 117 Courtship 119 Swarming and lekking 120 Mating position 121 Multiple mating and sperm competition 121 Sex-related scent glands 123 Genome size and recombination 125 Cytogenetics 125 8 HOST LOCATION ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING AND HOST ASSESSMENT 127 Tritrophic interactions 129 Host acceptance 130 Associative learning 130 Biosensors 134 Patch use 134 9 OVERCOMING HOST IMMUNE REACTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS WITH HOST 137 Overcoming host immunity in endoparasitoids 138 Passive evasion of encapsulation by parasitoid eggs 139 Avoiding encapsulation by physical means 139 Effect of host age and haemocyte number 141 Other host defence mechanisms 141 Venoms 141 Neurophysiological venom actions 143 Venom effects on host immune response 144 Polydnaviruses 145 Effects of polydnaviruses on hosts 152 Other reproductive viruses 155 Improving host quality 156 Host castration and similar effects 156 Teratocytes 158 Intraspecific variation in resistance to parasitoids 159 Effects on host moulting pattern 160 Parasitoid-induced changes in host behaviour 160 10 CONVERGENT ADAPTATIONS 163 Antennal hammers and vibrational sounding 164 Enlarged mandibles 167 Chisel-like mandibles 168 Concealed nectar extraction apparatus 168 Reduced number of palpal segments 169 'Facial' protruberances 169 Frontal depressions 170 Dorsal ridges on head or mesosoma 170 Brachyptery and aptery 170 Dorso-ventral flattening 171 Postpectal carina 173 Propodeal spines 173 'Fossorial' legs 173 Fore tibial spines 174 Fore tibial apical tooth 174 Expanded hind basitarsi 174 Toothed hind femur 174 Distitarsal scraper 175 Pectinate claws and claws with angular basal lobes 175 Glabrous wing patches and wing membrane scleromes 176 Carapacisation 177 Petiolate metasomas 177 Modifications to the po…

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