Communication Acoustics

In communication acoustics, the communication channel consists of a sound source, a channel (acoustic and/or electric) and finally the receiver: the human auditory system, a complex and intricate system that shapes the way sound is heard. Thus, when developing techniques in communication acoustics, such as in speech, audio and aided hearing, it is important to understand the time-frequency-space resolution of hearing.

This book facilitates the reader's understanding and development of speech and audio techniques based on our knowledge of the auditory perceptual mechanisms by introducing the physical, signal-processing and psychophysical background to communication acoustics. It then provides a detailed explanation of sound technologies where a human listener is involved, including audio and speech techniques, sound quality measurement, hearing aids and audiology.

Key features:
* Explains perceptually-based audio: the authors take a detailed but accessible engineering perspective on sound and hearing with a focus on the human place in the audio communications signal chain, from psychoacoustics and audiology to optimizing digital signal processing for human listening.
* Presents a wide overview of speech, from the human production of speech sounds and basics of phonetics to major speech technologies, recognition and synthesis of speech and methods for speech quality evaluation.
* Includes MATLAB examples that serve as an excellent basis for the reader's own investigations into communication acoustics interaction schemes which intuitively combine touch, vision and voice for lifelike interactions.

Autorentext
Ville Pulkki, Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, University of Aalto, Finland
Professor Pulkki is currently affiliated to the Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics at the University of Aalto, Finland where he leads the Spatial Sound Research Group. He is an AES Fellow. Professor Pulkki was General Chair of the AES 45th International Conference on Applications of Time-Frequency Processing in Audio (2012), and he is Associate Technical Editor of the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. Matti Karjalainen, Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, University of Aalto, Finland
Professor Karjalainen was previously Head of the Laboratory of Acoustics and Audio Signal Processing at Helsinki University of Technology which now forms part of the Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics at the University of Aalto, Finland. Professor Karjalainen had long term cooperation with companies such as Nokia and loudspeaker manufacturer Genelec. For his scientific and educational merits in audio signal processing, he received the Audio Engineering Society Fellowship in 1999, the AES Silver Medal in 2006, and the IEEE Fellowship in 2009. He published over 350 scientific and technical publications. Professor Karjalainen passed away in May 2010.

Inhalt
About the Authors xix Preface xxi Preface to the Unfinished Manuscript of the Book xxiii Introduction 1 1 How to Study and Develop Communication Acoustics 7 1.1 Domains of Knowledge 7 1.2 Methodology of Research and Development 8 1.3 Systems Approach to Modelling 10 1.4 About the Rest of this Book 12 1.5 Focus of the Book 12 1.6 Intended Audience 13 References 14 2 Physics of Sound 15 2.1 Vibration and Wave Behaviour of Sound 15 2.2 Acoustic Measures and Quantities 23 2.3 Wave Phenomena 26 2.4 Sound in Closed Spaces: Acoustics of Rooms and Halls 34 Summary 41 Further Reading 41 References 41 3 Signal Processing and Signals 43 3.1 Signals 43 3.2 Fundamental Concepts of Signal Processing 46 3.3 Digital Signal Processing (DSP) 56 3.4 Hidden Markov Models 62 3.5 Concepts of Intelligent and Learning Systems 63 Summary 64 Further Reading 64 References 64 4 Electroacoustics and Responses of Audio Systems 67 4.1 Electroacoustics 67 4.2 Audio System Responses 71 4.3 Response Equalization 76 Summary 77 Further Reading 78 References 78 5 Human Voice 79 5.1 Speech Production 79 5.2 Units and Notation of Speech used in Phonetics 84 5.3 Modelling of Speech Production 90 5.4 Singing Voice 96 Summary 96 Further Reading 97 References 97 6 Musical Instruments and Sound Synthesis 99 6.1 Acoustic Instruments 99 6.2 Sound Synthesis in Music 104 Summary 108 Further Reading 108 References 108 7 Physiology and Anatomy of Hearing 111 7.1 Global Structure of the Ear 111 7.2 External Ear 112 7.3 Middle Ear 113 7.4 Inner Ear 115 7.5 Otoacoustic Emissions 123 7.6 Auditory Nerve 123 7.7 Auditory Nervous System 127 7.8 Motivation for Building Computational Models of Hearing 130 Summary 131 Further Reading 131 References 131 8 The Approach and Methodology of Psychoacoustics 133 8.1 Sound Events versus Auditory Events 133 8.2 Psychophysical Functions 135 8.3 Generation of Sound Events 135 8.4 Selection of Subjects for Listening Tests 138 8.5 What are We Measuring? 138 8.6 Tasks for Subjects 141 8.7 Basic Psychoacoustic Test Methods 142 8.8 Descriptive Sensory Analysis 145 8.9 Psychoacoustic Tests from the Point of View of Statistics 149 Summary 149 Further Reading 150 References 150 9 Basic Function of Hearing 153 9.1 Effective Hearing Area 153 9.2 Spectral Masking 156 9.3 Temporal Masking 161 9.4 Frequency Selectivity of Hearing 163 Summary 169 Further Reading 169 References 169 10 Basic Psychoacoustic Quantities 171 10.1 Pitch 171 10.2 Loudness 179 10.3 Timbre 188 10.4 Subjective Duration of Sound 189 Summary 191 Further Reading 191 References 191 11 Further Analysis in Hearing 193 11.1 Sharpness 193 11.2 Detection of Modulation and Sound Onset 195 11.3 Roughness 198 11.4 Tonality 200 11.5 Discrimination of Changes in Signal Magnitude and Phase Spectra 201 11.6 Psychoacoustic Concepts and Music 206 11.7 Perceptual Organization of Sound 212 Summary 216 Further Reading 217 References 217 12 Spatial Hearing 219 12.1 Concepts and Definitions for Spatial Hearing 219 12.2 Head-Related Acoustics 222 12.3 Localization Cues 226 12.4 Localization Accuracy 235 12.5 Directional Hearing in Enclosed Spaces 239 12.6 Binaural Advantages in Timbre Perception 241 12.7 Perception of Source Distance 243 Summary 246 Further Reading 246 References 246 13 Auditory Modelling 249 13.1 Simple Psychoacoustic Modelling with DFT 250 13.2 Filter Bank Models 255 13.3 Cochlear Models 260 13.4 Modelling of Higher-Level Systemic Properties 263 13.5 Models of Spatial Hearing 265 13.6 Matlab Examples 270 Analysis 272 Summary 274 Further Reading 274 References 274 14 Sound Reproduction 277 14.1 Need for Sound Reproduction 277 14.2 Audio Content Production 279 14.3 Listening Set-ups 280 14.4 Recording Techniques 284 14.5 Virtual Source Positioning 293 14.6 Binaural Techniques 298 14.7 Digital Audio Effects 302 14.8 Reverberators 303 Summary 306 Further Reading and Available Toolboxes 306 References 307 15 Time-Frequency-domain Processing and Coding of Audio 311 15.1 Basic Techniques and Concepts for Time-Frequency Processing 311 15.2 Time-Frequency Transforms 317 15.3 Time-Frequency-Domain Audio-Processing Techniques 328 Summary 332 Further Reading 332 References 332 16 Speech Technologies 335 16.1 Speech Coding 336 16.2 Text-to-Speech Synthesis 338 16.3 Speech Recognition 345 Summary 346 Further Reading 347 References 347 17 Sound Quality 349 17.1 Historical Background of Sound Quality 350 17.2 The Many Facets of Sound Quality 351 17.3 Systemic Framework for Sound Quality 352 17.4 Subjective Sound Quality Measurement 353 17.5 Audio Quality 356 17.6 Quality of Speech Communication 360 17.7 Measuring Speech Understandability with the Modulation Transfer Function 363 17.8 Objective Speech Quality Measurement for Telecommunication 370 17.9 Sound Quality in Auditoria and Concert Halls 374 17.10 Noise Quality 377 17.11 Product Sound Quality 378 Summary 380 Further Reading 380 References 380 18 Other Audio Applications 383 18.1 Virtual Rea…

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