Bats and Viruses

Approximately 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses, and the rate of emergence of zoonotic diseases is on the rise. Bats are being increasingly recognised as an important reservoir of zoonotic viruses of different families, including SARS coronavirus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus and Ebola virus. Understanding bats' role in emerging zoonotic diseases is crucial to this rapidly expanding area of research.

Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases provides an updated overview of research focusing on bat biology and the role bats play as hosts of many major zoonotic viruses. The text covers bat biology, immunology, and genomics. Chapters also delve into the various major bat-borne virus families, including lyssaviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses and reoviruses, among others. Edited by leaders in the field, Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases is a timely, invaluable reference for bat researchers studying microbiology, virology and immunology, as well as infectious disease workers and epidemiologists, among others.

Autorentext
Edited by

Lin-Fa Wang is Director of the Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases at Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, and an Office of the Chief Executive Science Leader at CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory in Geelong, Victoria, Australia Christopher Cowled is a Research Scientist at the CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory in Geelong, Victoria, Australia


Inhalt
List of Contributors xiii Preface xv 1 THE UNIQUENESS OF BATS 1 Paul A. Racey 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Flight 2 1.3 Echolocation 4 1.4 Communication 5 1.5 Foraging, Diet, and Ecosystem Services 5 1.6 Heterothermy, Daily Torpor, and Hibernation 7 1.7 Reproduction 8 1.8 Life History Strategies 9 1.9 Roosting Ecology 9 1.9.1 Caves 9 1.9.2 Trees 10 1.9.3 Houses 10 1.9.4 Foliage 10 1.9.5 Roosts of other species 11 1.9.6 Roost fidelity 11 1.10 Migration 11 1.11 Climate Change 12 1.12 Disease?]Related Mortality 13 1.13 Conservation and Disease Surveillance 14 Acknowledgment 14 References 15 2 VIRUSES IN BATS: A HISTORIC REVIEW 23 Charles H. Calisher 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Knowledge of Bats, Background 25 2.3 Early, Somewhat Random Bat Virus Discoveries 25 2.4 More Recent Bat Virus Discoveries 27 2.4.1 Marburg and Ebola viruses (order Mononegavirales, family Filoviridae, genera Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus, respectively) 27 2.4.2 Hendra and Nipah viruses (order Mononegavirales, family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus), and other paramyxoviruses 28 2.4.3 Coronaviruses (order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, genus Coronavirus) 30 2.4.4 Other viruses detected in bats 31 2.5 Summary 36 Acknowledgments 41 References 41 3 BAT LYSSAVIRUSES 47 Ivan V. Kuzmin and Charles E. Rupprecht 3.1 Lyssavirus Genus 47 3.2 Pathobiology 54 3.3 Surveillance and Diagnosis 57 3.4 General Biological Considerations on Bat Rabies 59 3.5 Global Distribution of Bat Lyssaviruses 62 3.5.1 The Americas 62 3.5.2 Africa 69 3.5.3 Eurasia 72 3.5.4 Australia 78 3.6 Public Health and Veterinary Significance of Bat Rabies 80 3.7 Conclusions 84 References 85 4 BAT PARAMYXOVIRUSES 99 Danielle E. Anderson and Glenn A. Marsh 4.1 Introduction to the Paramyxoviridae 99 4.1.1 Virus structure 100 4.1.2 Genome organization 101 4.1.3 Paramyxovirus replication 103 4.2 Bats as a Major Source of New Paramyxoviruses 105 4.2.1 Sampling methods 105 4.2.2 Methodologies utilized in the detection and characterization of paramyxoviruses 106 4.3 Known Bat Paramyxoviruses 109 4.3.1 Hendra virus (HeV) 109 4.3.2 Nipah virus (NiV) 111 4.3.3 Menangle virus (MenPV) 112 4.3.4 Cedar virus (CedPV) 113 4.3.5 Mapuera virus (MprPV) 114 4.3.6 Porcine rubulavirus (PorPV) 114 4.3.7 Tioman virus (TioPV) 114 4.3.8 Achimota viruses (AchPV) 114 4.3.9 Tukoko viruses (ThkPV) 115 4.3.10 Sosuga virus (SosPV) 115 4.3.11 Other paramyxoviruses 115 4.4 Risks, Control, and Prevention 116 4.4.1 Risk of spillover 116 4.4.2 Reservoir host management 117 4.4.3 Vaccines 117 4.5 Conclusions 118 Acknowledgments 118 References 118 5 BAT CORONAVIRUSES 127 Xing?]Yi Ge, Ben Hu, and Zheng?]Li Shi 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Human Diseases Related to Bat Coronaviruses 134 5.2.1 SARS 134 5.2.2 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) 140 5.3 Genetic Diversity of Bat Coronaviruses 142 5.3.1 Alphacoronaviruses 142 5.3.2 Betacoronaviruses 145 5.3.3 Gammacoronaviruses 146 5.3.4 Classification of coronaviruses 146 5.4 Conclusions 147 Acknowledgments 148 References 148 6 BAT FILOVIRUSES 157 Gael Darren Maganga, Virginie Rougeron, and Eric Maurice Leroy 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 Marburgvirus Outbreaks 158 6.3 Ebolavirus Outbreaks 159 6.3.1 Ebolavirus and Sudan ebolavirus 159 6.3.2 Tai Forest and Bundibugyo ebolaviruses 160 6.3.3 Reston ebolavirus 160 6.4 Filoviruses in Yinpterochiropteran Bats 160 6.4.1 Ebolaviruses 161 6.4.2 Marburgvirus 161 6.5 Filoviruses in Yangochiroptera Bats 163 6.5.1 Ebolaviruses 163 6.5.2 Marburgvirus 163 6.5.3 Cuevavirus 163 6.6 Ecological and Epidemiological Patterns in Bats 164 6.6.1 An extended natural geographic distribution 164 6.6.2 Bats as drivers of filoviruses emergence and spillover? 164 6.6.3 Uncertainty surrounding the identification of the Lloviu virus reservoir 167 6.7 Bat Filovirus Characterization 167 6.7.1 Filovirus isolation 167 6.7.2 Filovirus RNA detection 168 6.7.3 Filovirus antigen detection 168 6.7.4 Whole genome amplification 168 6.8 Conclusions 169 Acknowledgments 170 References 170 7 BATS AND REVERSE TRANSCRIBING RNA AND DNA VIRUSES 177 Gilda Tachedjian, Joshua A. Hayward, and Jie Cui 7.1 Introduction to Reverse Transcribing RNA and DNA Viruses 177 7.1.1 Retroviruses 177 7.1.2 Hepadnaviruses 180 7.2 Endogenous Retroviruses in Bats 181 7.2.1 Endogenous retroviruses: A transposable element subclass 181 7.2.2 Endogenous retroviruses originate from exogenous retroviruses 182 7.2.3 Endogenous retrovirus nomenclature 182 7.2.4 Role of transposable elements and endogenous retroviruses in disease and host evolution 183 7.2.5 Endogenous retroviruses as fossil records of ancient exogenous retroviruses 184 7.3 Gammaretroviruses in Bats of Different Suborders 184 7.3.1 Gammaretroviruses: host range and diseases 184 7.3.2 Discovery of gammaretroviruses in bats 185 7.4 Betaretroviruses in Bats of Different Suborders 187 7.4.1 Betaretroviruses: host range and diseases 187 7.4.2 Betaretroviruses in bat transcriptomes and genomes 188 7.4.3 Extensive diversity among bat betaretroviruses 188 7.5 Pathogenic Hepadnaviruses Related to HBV in Bats 191 7.6 Bat Metagenomics Studies 192 7.7 Bats as Potential Reservoirs for Retroviral and Hepadnaviral Zoonoses 194 7.8 Conclusions 195 Acknowledgments 196 References 196 8 BAT REOVIRUSES 203 Claudia Kohl and Andreas Kurth 8.1 Introduction 203 8.1.1 Background 203 8.1.2 Reovirus taxonomy and disease epidemiology 203 8.2 Orthoreoviruses of Bats and Humans 206 8.2.1 Nelson Bay orthoreovirus 206 8.2.2 Other bat?]related orthoreoviruses 210 8.3 Bat Orbiviruses 211 8.4 Bat Rotaviruses 211 8.5 Zoonotic Potential of Bat Reoviruses 213 Acknowledgments 213 References 213 9 OTHER BAT?]BORNE VIRUSES 217 Krista Queen, Mang Shi, Larry J. Anderson, and Suxiang Tong 9.1 Introduction 217 9.2 RNA Viruses 218 9.2.1 Influenza viruses 218 9.2.2 Alphaviruses 227 9.2.3 Bunyaviruses 227 9.2.4 Flaviviruses 229 9.2.5 Arenaviruses 231 9.2.6 Picornaviruses 231 9.2.7 Astroviruses 233 9.2.8 Caliciviruses 234 9.3 DNA Viruses 234 9.3.1 Adenoviruses 234 9.3.2 Herpesviruses 235 9.3.3 Poxviruses 236 9.3.4 Polyomaviruses 236 9.3.5 Parvoviruses 237 9.3.6 Papillomaviruses 238 9.4 Conclusions 238 References 239 10 ANTHROPOGENIC EPIDEMICS: THE ECOLOGY OF BAT?]BORNE VIRUSES AND OUR ROLE IN THEIR EMERGENCE 249 Jonathan H. Epstein and Hume E. Field 10.1 Introduction 249 10.2 The Bat-Human and Bat-Livestock Interface: The Importance of Disease Eco…

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