An Introduction To Solar Radiation

An Introduction to Solar Radiation is an introductory text on solar radiation, with emphasis on the methods of calculation for determining the amount of solar radiation incident on a surface on the earth. Topics covered include the astronomical relationship between the sun and the earth; thermal radiation; the solar constant and its spectral distribution; and extraterrestrial solar irradiation.
This book is comprised of 12 chapters and begins with an overview of the trigonometric relationships between the sun-earth line and the position of an inclined surface, followed by a discussion on the characteristics of blackbody radiation. The next chapter focuses on the solar constant and its spectral distribution, paying particular attention to extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance and the sun's blackbody temperature. Subsequent chapters explore extraterrestrial and radiation incident on inclined planes; the optics of a cloudless-sky atmosphere; solar spectral radiation and total (broadband) radiation under cloudless skies; and solar radiation arriving at horizontal surfaces on the earth through cloudy skies. The ground albedo and its spectral and angular variation are also described, along with insolation on inclined surfaces. The last chapter is devoted to instruments for measuring solar radiation, including pyrheliometers and pyranometers.
This monograph will serve as a useful guide for energy analysts, designers of thermal devices, architects and engineers, agronomists, and hydrologists as well as senior graduate students.

Inhalt
Preface

Acknowledgments


Chapter 1 Sun-Earth Astronomical Relationship


1.1 Introduction


1.2 Sun-Earth Distance r


1.3 Solar Declination d


1.4 Equation of Time Et


1.5 Position of the Sun Relative to Horizontal Surfaces


1.6 Position of the Sun Relative to Inclined Surfaces


1.7 Further Reading


Nomenclature


References


Chapter 2 Thermal Radiation


2.1 Introduction


2.2 Blackbody Radiation


2.3 Blackbody Radiation in a Wavelength Interval


2.4 Angular Dependence of Radiation


2.5 Real-Body Properties


2.6 Definitions


2.7 Further Reading


Nomenclature


References


Chapter 3 The Solar Constant and Its Spectral Distribution


3.1 Introduction


3.2 The Sun


3.3 Extraterrestrial Solar Spectral Irradiance


3.4 The Solar Constant


3.5 Blackbody Temperature of the Sun


3.6 Further Reading


Nomenclature


References


Chapter 4 Extraterrestrial Solar Irradiation


4.1 Introduction


4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface


4.3 Radiation on Inclined Planes


4.4 Calculation of b, rb, b, Rb, and b


4.5 Further Reading


Nomenclature


References


Chapter 5 A Cloudless-Sky Atmosphere and Its Optics


5.1 Introduction


5.2 The Earth's Atmosphere


5.3 Clean Dry Air


5.4 Water Vapor


5.5 Aerosols


5.6 Relative Optical Path Length, Relative Optical Mass m


5.7 Relative Optical Air Mass ma


5.8 Relative Optical Water-Vapor Mass mw


5.9 Relative Optical Ozone Mass mo


5.10 Relative Optical Aerosol Mass md


5.11 Further Reading


Nomenclature


References


Chapter 6 Solar Spectral Radiation under Cloudless Skies


6.1 Introduction


6.2 Attenuation of Direct Solar Radiation: Basic Formulation


6.3 Scattering of Direct Solar Radiation


6.4 Rayleigh Scattering of Air Molecules


6.5 Mie Scattering of Water Vapor and Dust Particles


6.6 Ångström's Turbidity Formula for All Aerosols


6.7 Direct Transmittance due to Continuum Attenuation


6.8 Absorption of Direct Solar Radiation by Gases


6.9 Absorbers in the Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrum


6.10 Absorbers in the Infrared Spectrum


6.11 Transmittances of Molecular Absorbers


6.12 Transmittance of Ozone


6.13 Transmittances of Uniformly Mixed Gases and Water Vapor


6.14 Direct Spectral Irradiance on the Ground


6.15 Origins of Diffuse Spectral Radiation


6.16 Rayleigh-Scattered Spectral Diffuse Irradiance


6.17 Aerosol-Scattered Spectral Diffuse Irradiance


6.18 Atmospheric Albedo


6.19 Multiply Reflected Spectral Diffuse Irradiance


6.20 Diffuse Spectral Irradiance on the Ground


6.21 Global Spectral Irradiance on the Ground


6.22 Further Reading


6.23 Historical Notes


Nomenclature


References


Chapter 7 Total (Broadband) Radiation under Cloudless Skies


7.1 Introduction


7.2 Spectral Integration Model


7.3 Parameterization Method


7.4 Parameterization Model A


7.5 Parameterization Model B


7.6 Parameterization Model C


7.7 Comparison of the Parameterization Models


7.8 The ASHRAE Algorithm and Its Improvement


7.9 Further Reading


Nomenclature


References


Chapter 8 Solar Radiation under Cloudy Skies


8.1 Introduction


8.2 Hourly Global I, Diffuse Id, and Beam Ib Radiation on a Horizontal Surface


8.3 Daily Global H, Diffuse Hd, and Beam Hb Radiation on a Horizontal Surface


8.4 The Availability of Data


8.5 Correlation of Average Daily Global Radiation with Hours of Sunshine


8.6 Correlation of Average Daily Global Radiation with Cloud Cover


8.7 Estimation of the Monthly Average Hourly Global Radiation on a Horizontal Surface


8.8 Statistical Distribution of the Daily and Hourly Global Radiation on a Horizontal Surface


8.9 Estimation of the Daily Diffuse Radiation on a Horizontal Surface


8.10 Estimation of the Monthly Average Daily Diffuse Radiation on a Horizontal Surface


8.11 Estimation of the Monthly Average Hourly Diffuse Radiation on a Horizontal Surface


8.12 Estimation of the Hourly Diffuse Radiation on a Horizontal Surface


8.13 Further Reading


Nomenclature


References


Chapter 9 Ground Albedo


9.1 Introduction


9.2 Elementary Definitions


9.3 Spectral Albedo and the Effect of Solar Height


9.4 The Overall Albedo


Nomenclature


References


Chapter 10 Configuration Factors


10.1 Introduction


10.2 Mathematical Formulation


10.3 Unit-Sphere Method of Evaluating Configuration Factors


10.4 Configuration Factors between an Inclined Flat-Plate Collector and the Sky and between the Collector and the Ground


Nomenclature


References


Chapter 11 Solar Radiation Incident on Tilted Planes on the Earth's Surface


11.1 Introduction


11.2 Beam Radiation Incident on an Inclined Surface


11.3 Ground-Reflected Radiation Incident on an Inclined Plane


11.4 Angular Distribution of Sky Diffuse Radiation Intensity


11.5 Sky Diffuse Radiation Incident on an Inclined Plane


11.6 Global Irradiation on an Inclined Plane


11.7 Ratio of Global Radiation on a Tilted Surface to That on a Horizontal Surface


11.8 Further Reading


Nomenclature

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