The Islets of Langerhans

The Islets of Langerhans: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Pathology reviews the state of knowledge in the complex phenomena involved in the functioning of the multiendocrine organ, the islet of Langerhans, and the various influences that can lead to its abnormal functioning. The volume highlights major gaps in knowledge and indicates the directions for research on the major functioning of this organ and the defects leading to its major pathology, diabetes mellitus.
The book is organized into three parts. Part I provides the necessary background information on the nature and development of the islet of Langerhans. It includes studies on the evolution of knowledge of the ever-increasing number of cell types found in islet tissue; and fetal development of the functional capacities of the islet cells. Part II is devoted to the synthesis and secretion of islet hormones, beginning with a chapter on the membrane transport systems of islet tissue as a prelude to subsequent examination of their role in the regulation of these processes. Part III examines the effects of deleterious conditions and agents on the morphology and function of islet cells.
This book is intended for researchers in endocrinology, particularly those interested in pancreatic hormones, graduate students in endocrinology, and medical endocrinologists interested in diabetes. It will also be useful to physiologists and biochemists studying peptide synthesis and secretion.

Inhalt
List of Contributors

Foreword


Preface


I. Morphology and Development of Islet Tissue


1. Morphological Characterization of Islet Cell Diversity


I. Introduction


II. Cells (ß Cells)


III. A Cells (a Cells and a2 Cells)


IV. C Cells


V. D Cells (a1 Cells)


VI. Cells


VII. F Cells (PP Cells)


VIII. Other Islet Cells


IX. Innervation


X. Vasculature


References


2. Functional Development of the Pancreatic Islets


I. Introduction


II. Stages of Metabolic Ontogeny


III. Development of the Pancreas


IV. Development of Related Endocrine Function


V. Development of Target Systems


VI. Role of Nutrition


References


II. Synthesis and Secretion of Islet Hormones


3. Transport Systems of Islet Cells


I. Introduction


II. Sugars


III. Amino Acids


IV. Inorganic Ions


V. Biogenic Amines


VI. Sulfonylureas


VII. Methylxanthines


VIII. Thiol Reagents


IX. ß-Cytotoxic Agents


X. Markers for Transmembrane pH or Electrical Potential Gradients


References


4. Biosynthesis of Insulin


I. Insulin Biosynthesis


II. Regulation of Insulin Biosynthesis


References


5. Interactions of Cell Organelles in Insulin Secretion


I. Plasma Membrane


II. Insulin Secretory Granules


III. Microtubules and Microfilaments


IV. Emiocytosis


V. Concluding Comments


References


6. Metabolic Controls of Insulin Secretion


I. Introduction


II. General Considerations


III. Insulin Secretory Responses to Potential ß-Cell Metabolic Substrates


IV. Experimental Manipulations


V. Metabolites and Cofactors of Possible Importance in Stimulus-Secretion Coupling


VI. Conclusions


References


7. Inorganic Ions in Insulin Secretion


I. Introduction


II. Participation of Ions in the Recognition of Insulinotropic Agents


III. Participation of Ions in the Coupling of Stimulation to Release


IV. Participation of Ions in the Mechanical Events Leading to Insulin Release


V. Conclusion


References


8. Interrelationships between Prostaglandins and Biogenic Amines during Modulation of Beta-Cell Function


I. Introduction


II. Actions of Prostaglandins and Biogenic Amines on Insulin Secretion


III. Biogenic Amines and Beta-Cell Function


IV. Interrelationships between Prostaglandins and Biogenic Amines


V. Implications for the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus


References


9. Biosynthesis of Glucagon and Somatostatin


I. Introduction


II. Glucagon Biosynthesis


III. Somatostatin Biosynthesis


IV. Discovery of Preproglucagons and Preprosomatostatins


V. Conversion of Islet Prohormones at the Subcellular Level


VI. Current Directions in Research on Islet Hormone Biosynthesis


References


10. Secretion of Glucagon


I. Introduction


II. Determinants of Glucagon Secretion


III. Future Research Directions


References


11. Somatostatin and Its Role in Insulin and Glucagon Secretion


I. Introduction


II. Actions of Somatostatin on the Release of Pancreatic Hormones


III. Radioimmunoassay for Somatostatin


IV. Release of Pancreatic Somatostatin


V. Physiological Role of Somatostatin in the Pancreas


VI. Conclusions


References


12. Synthesis, Storage, Secretion, and Significance of Pancreatic Polypeptide in Vertebrates


I. Introduction


II. Cellular Origin


III. Synthesis and Chemistry


IV. Secretion: Prandial, Neural, and Hormonal Correlates


V. Function of Pancreatic Polypeptide


VI. Pathophysiological Correlates


VII. Summary of Current Information


Significant Reviews


References


III. Pathology of the Islets of Langerhans


13. Islet Changes in Human Diabetes


I. Historical Background


II. Quantitative Islet Changes


III. Qualitative Islet Changes


IV. Changes in the Exocrine Pancreas


V. Morphological Aspects of the Pathogenesis of Human Diabetes


References


14. Animal Models of Spontaneous Diabetes


I. Introduction


II. The Chinese Hamster (Cricetulusgriseus)


III. The db Mouse (C57BL/KsJdb)


IV. The KK Mouse


V. The Spiny Mouse (Acomys cahirinus)


VI. The BB/Wistar Rat


VII. The Guinea Pig


VIII. The Sand Rat (Psammomys obesus)


IX. Clinical Diabetes


X. Overview and Future Research Needs


References


15. Action of Toxic Drugs on Islet Cells


I. Introduction


II. Alloxan


III. Streptozotocin


References


16. Role of Viruses in Diabetes


I. Mechanisms of Virus-Induced Cell Disease


II. Laboratory Techniques for Studying Virus-Pancreatic Beta-Cell Interactions


III. Association of Viral Infections in Humans with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus


IV. Animal Models of Diabetes Mellitus with a Definite or Possible Viral Etiology


V. Interrelationship of Viral Infection and Autoimmunity


VI. Recent Epidemiological Studies


VII. Summary


References


17. Autoimmunity and Diabetes


I. Introduction


II. Evidence for Autoimmunity in Diabetes


III. The Genetics of IDDM


IV. Environmental Triggers for Autoimmune IDDM


V. Future Directions


References


18. Insulin, Glucagon, an…

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