Scandium Its Occurrence, Chemistry Physics, Metallurgy, Biology and Technology

Scandium provides a comprehensive review of all aspects of scandium, including its occurrence in nature; its chemical, physical and technological properties; its biological significance and toxic effects; and its applications.

The book covers the discovery and history of scandium, its abundance in rock-forming minerals and common type rocks, and its derivation, extraction, and preparation. It also deals with the physical metallurgy of scandium, its physical and chemical properties, its isotopes, its alloys and intermetallic compounds, and its economic and technological applications.

The text is recommended for chemists, metallurgists, and experts who would like to know particularly more about scandium and its possible uses.

Inhalt
List of Contributors
Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. Discovery and History

1. The Prediction of Eka-Boron

2. The Discovery of Scandium

3. Early Investigations

4. Intensive Investigations

References

Chapter 2. Distribution in Nature

1. Cosmic Abundance and Occurrence in Meteorites

2. Occurrence in Sun and Moon

3. Occurrence in Earth's Atmosphere and Waters

4. Occurrence in Soils

5. Occurrence in Oils, Coals and Fertilizers

6. Occurrence in other Various Materials

7. The Cycling of Scandium

References

Chapter 3. Geochemistry and Mineralogy

1. Introduction

2. Scandium Minerals

A. Thortveitite

B. Bazzite

C. Kolbeckite

D. Sc-Ixiolite

E. Sc-Perrierite

F. Magbasite

3. Abundance in Rock-Forming Minerals

4. Abundance in Common Rock Types

A. Igneous Rocks

B. Sedimentary Rocks

C. Metamorphic Rocks

5. Types of Deposits

References

Chapter 4. Derivation, Extraction, and Preparation

1. Introduction

2. Derivation

A. By-Product from Uranium Ores

B. By-Product from Wolframite

C. Thortveitite.

D. Miscellaneous

3. Other Separation Processes

4. Metal Preparation

A. Historical

B. Preparation of High Purity Scandium

C. Preparation of Special forms of Scandium

References

Chapter 5. Physical Metallurgy

1. Introduction

2. Atomic Properties

3. Nuclear Properties

4. Polymorphism and Crystal Structure

5. Change of State

6. Thermodynamic Properties

7. Magnetic Susceptibility

A. Ionic Diamagnetic Susceptibilities

B. Poly Crystalline Scandium

C. Single Crystal Scandium

D. Effect of Impurities

8. Electrical Properties

A. Electrical Resistivity

B. Superconductivity

C. Hall Coefficient and Magnetoresistance

D. Thermoelectric Power

E. Work Function

9. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

10. Band Structure

11. Phonon Dispersion

12. Thermal Expansion

13. Thermal Conductivity

14. Elastic Properties

A. Elastic Constants

B. Compressibility (Bulk Modulus)

C. Young's Modulus (Elastic Modulus)

D. Shear Modulus

E. Poisson's Ratio

F. Grüneisen Constant

15. Mechanical Properties

A. Hardness

B. Strength, Elongation and Reduction in Area

16. Fabrication and Workability

17. Oxidation and Nitration

18. Metallography

19. Diffusion

20. Liquid Metal Properties

References

Chapter 6. Chemical Properties

1. Introduction

2. Oxygen-Containing Compounds

A. Hydroxide

B. Water

C. Carbonate

D. Nitrate

E. Phosphites and Phosphates

F. Sulphites and Sulphates

G. Selenites and Selenates

H. Halates and Perhalates

3. Halides

A. Fluorides

B. Chlorides

C. Bromides

D. Iodides

4. Nitrogen Containing Compounds

A. Ammonia

B. Thiocyanates

References

Chapter 7. Scandium Isotopes

1. Discovery of the Isotopes

2. Properties of Ground State and Isomeric State Decays

3. Nuclear Configurations and Level Structure

A. General Structure

B. Individual Isotopic Structure

References

Chapter 8. Inorganic Compounds

1. Introduction

2. Binary Compounds

A. Hydrogen

B. Boron

C. Carbon

D. Silicon

E. Nitrogen

F. Phosphorus and Arsenic

G. Oxygen

H. Chalcogenides: S, Se and Te

J. Halides

3. Ternary and more Complex Non-Oxy Compounds

A. Sc-Metal-Hydrogen Systems

B. Sc-Metal-Boron Systems

C. Sc-Metal-Carbon Systems

D. Sc-Metal-Silicon Systems

E. Sc-Metal-Sulphur Systems

F. Sc-Metal-Selenium Systems

G. Sc-Metal-Halide Systems

H. Sc-Non Metal-Non Metal Systems

4. Ternary and more Complex Oxy Compounds

A. Peroxides, Hydroxides and Oxyhydroxides

B. Alkali Metal Oxides

C. Be, Mg and Alkaline Earth Oxides

D. Rare Earth Oxides

E. Perovskites

F. Actinide Oxides

G. Ti, Zr and Hf Oxides

H. V, Nb and Ta Oxides

J. Cr, Mo and W Oxides

K. Mn and Re Oxides

L. The Group VIIIA Metal Oxides

M. Garnets, Spinels and Ferrites

N. Cd and Zn Oxides

O. B, Al, Ga, and In Oxides

P. Carbonates and Oxalates

Q. Si, Ge, Sn and Pb Oxides

R. Oxynitride and Nitrates

S. Phosphites and Phosphates

T. As and Sb Oxides

U. Oxysulphide, Sulphites and Sulphates

V. Selenites and Selenates

W. Oxyhalides, Basic Halides and Halates

X. Miscellaneous

References

Chapter 9. Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds

1. Introduction

2. Alloy Theory and Summary of Physical Properties

A. Solid Solutions

B. Intermetallic Compounds

C. Eutectic Systems

D. Knight Shifts

E. Super Conducting Properties

3. Scandium-Intra Rare Earth Alloys

A. Scandium-Yttrium

B. Scandium-Lanthanum

C. Scandium-Cerium

D. Scandium-Neodymium

E. Scandium-Gadolinium

F. Scandium-Terbium, -Dysprosium and -Holmium

G. Scandium-Erbium

H. Magnetic Properties of Scandium-Lanthanide Alloys

4. Binary Alloys with Non-Rare Earth Metals

A. Aluminium

B. Antimony

C. Beryllium

D. Bismuth

E. Cadmium

F. Chromium

G. Cobalt

H. Copper

J. Gallium

K. Germanium

L. Gold

M. Hafnium

N. Indium

O. Iridium

P. Iron

Q. Lead

R. Magnesium

S. Manganese

T. Mercury

U. Molybdenum

V. Nickel

W. Niobium

X. Osmium

Y. Palladium

Z. Platinum

AA. Plutonium

BB. Polonium

CC. Rhenium

DD. Rhodium

EE. Ruthenium

FF. Silver

GG. Tantalum

HH. Technetium

JJ. Thorium

KK. Tin

LL. Titanium

MM. Tungsten

NN. Uranium

OO. Vanadium

PP. Zinc

QQ. Zirconium

5. Ternary and Higher Alloy Systems

A. Scandium-Intra Rare Earth Alloys

B. Scandium-Rare Earth-Non-Rare Earth Alloys

C. Scandium-Non-Rare Earth Alloys

References

Chapter 10. Organic Compounds

1. Introduction

2. Organoscandium Compounds

3. Coordination Compounds with Nitrogen Donor Ligands

A. Prim…

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