Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health

Autorentext
Theresa M. Wizemann and Mary-Lou Pardue, Editors, Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences, Board on Health Sciences Policy

Klappentext
It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus.Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Does Sex Matter? begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior to cognition to metabolism to response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society).Does Sex Matter? discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research.Does Sex Matter? will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists -- while being very accessible to interested lay readers.

Zusammenfassung
Discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. This book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. It is useful to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, and providers.

Inhalt
ABSTRACT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION Scope of the Report Sex Differences Beyond the Reproductive System Evolving Research Policy Organization of Report 2 EVERY CELL HAS A SEX Sex and the Human Genome Basic Molecular Genetics: What Is the Potential for Differences Between the Sexes? Effects of Parental Imprinting on the Expression of Genetic Information Unexpected or Nonobvious Sex Differences Genetics as a Tool Findings and Recommendations 3 SEX BEGINS IN THE WOMB Biology of Sex Early Development Puberty Adulthood Findings and Recommendations 4 SEX AFFECTS BEHAVIOR AND PERCEPTION Sex Differences in Behavior and Cognitive Abilities Effects of Hormones on Behavior and Cognition Sex Differences in Perception of Pain Animal Models of Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Diseases Findings and Recommendations 5 SEX AFFECTS HEALTH Sex Differences in Response to Therapeutic Agents: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventions Metabolism, Lifestyle, and Physical Performance Sex Differences in Autoimmune Conditions A Spectrum of Sex Differences Across a Disease: Coronary Heart Disease Findings and Recommendations 6 THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH ON BIOLOGICAL SEX DIFFERENCES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Terminology Research Tools and Resources Interdisciplinary and Collaborative Research Non-Health-Related Implications of Research on Sex Differences in Health REFERENCES APPENDIXES A Data Sources and Acknowledgments B Physiological and Pharmacological Differences Between the Sexes C Glossary D Committee and Staff Biographies INDEX TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES Tables 3-1 Some Genes Involved in Human Sex Determination 3-2 Selected Examples of Variations in Sexual Differentiation 3-3 Life Expectancy at Birth, Age 65, and Age 75 Years, United States, All Races, 1998 4-1 Sex Prevalence of Some Common Painful Syndromes and Potential Contributing Causes 4-2 A Growing List of Therapies for Pain 4-3 Sex-Specific Responses to an Experimental Traumatic or Ischemic Cerebral Insult 5-1 Factors Affecting Absorption of Chemicals 5-2 Differences in Drug Concentrations Between the Mother and Fetus and Between Males and Females 5-3 Receptor, Enzyme, and Structural Differences Between Males and Female 5-4 Obesity Prevalence Data for Selected U.S. Adults, by Sex 5-5 Sex Differences in Immunocytes as Determined in Representative Recent Studies 5-6 Sex Differences in Immunization 5-7 Sex Differences in Viral Infections in Humans 5-8 Sex Differences in Mycobacterial, Fungal, and Parasitic Diseases 5-9 Female/Male Ratios Associated with Common Autoimmune Diseases 5-10 Autoimmune Diseases in Which Environmental Triggers Are Prominent 5-11 Peak Ages of Various Autoimmune Diseases 5-12 Animal Models of Human Autoimmune Diseases 5-13 Estimated Risk of Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease and Death from Myocardial Infarction in Heterozygotes at Different Ages 5-14 Smoking Prevalence by Race and Sex, 1998 5-15 Complications of Acute Myocardial Infarctions, by Sex 5-16 Male:Female Odds Ratios for Use of Diagnostic Procedures for Coronary Heart Disease Figures 2-1 Schematic representations of two general models used to explain sex differences in gene expressions 2-2 Comparison of gene content and gene organization on the X and Y chromosomes 2-3 Schematic representation of X-chromosome inactivation in female somatic cells 3-1 From genotype to phenotype: a diagrammatic representation of human sex determination and differentiation 3-2 Hypothetical diagrammatic representation of the cascade of sex chromosomal and autosomal genes involved in testis determination and the hormones involved in male sex differentiation (representation 1) 3-3 Hypothetical diagrammatic representation of the cascade of sex chromosomal and autosomal genes involved in testis determination (A) and the hormones involved in male sex differentiation (B) (representation 2) 3-4 Comparison of the pattern of change of serum testosterone (T) levels and hCG and serum pituitary LH (LER-960) and FSH (LER-869) levels in the human male fetus during gestation with morphological changes in the fetal testis 3-5 Adoles

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