The Earth's Ionosphere

Klappentext Although interesting in its own right, due to the ever increasing use of satellites for communication and navigation, weather in the ionosphere is of great concern. Every such system uses trans-ionospheric propagation of radiowaves, waves which must traverse the often turbulent ionosphere. Understanding this turbulence and predicting it are one of the major goals of the National Space Weather program. Acquiring such a prediction capability will rest on understanding the very topics of this book, the plasma physics and electrodynamics of the system. *Fully updated to reflect advances in the field in the 20 years since the first edition published*Explores the buffeting of the ionosphere from above by the sun and from below by the lower atmosphere*Unique text appropriate both as a refence and for coursework. Zusammenfassung Although interesting in its own right! due to the ever increasing use of satellites for communication and navigation! weather in the ionosphere is of great concern. Every such system uses trans-ionospheric propagation of radiowaves! waves which must traverse the often turbulent ionosphere. This book reflect advances in the field. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface Chapter 1 Introductory and Background Material 1.1 Scope and Goals of the Text 1.1.1 Historical Perspective 1.1.2 Organization and Limitations 1.2 Structure of the Neutral Atmosphere and the Main Ionosphere 1.3 D-Region Fundamentals 1.4 The Earth's Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere 1.5 Problem Set References Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Plasma Dynamics 2.1 The Basic Fluid Equations 2.1.1 Conservation of Mass 2.1.2 Equation of State 2.1.3 Momentum Equation for the Neutral Fluid 2.1.4 Momentum Equations for the Plasma 2.1.5 The Complete Equation Sets 2.2 Steady-State Ionospheric Plasma Motions Due to Applied Forces 2.3 Generation of Electric Fields 2.4 Electric Field Mapping 2.5 Elements of Magnetospheric Physics 2.5.1 The Guiding Center Equations and the Adiabatic Invariants 2.5.2 Magnetohydrodynamics 2.6 Are Ionospheric Electric Fields Real? 2.7 Coordinate Systems 2.8 Problem Set References Chapter 3 Dynamics and Electrodynamics of the Equatorial Zone 3.1 Motions of the Equatorial F Region: The Data Base 3.2 The Equatorial F-Region Dynamo 3.3 E-Region Dynamo Theory and the Daytime Equatorial Electrojet 3.4 Further Complexities of Equatorial Electrodynamics 3.4.1 The Prereversal Enhancement 3.4.2 High-Latitude Effects on the Equatorial Electric Field 3.5 Feedback Between the Electrodynamics and Thermospheric Winds 3.6 Mesospheric and Lower Thermospheric Dynamics 3.6.1 Atmospheric Winds in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere 3.6.2 A Primer on Turbulence and the Turbopause 3.7 Problem Set References Chapter 4 Equatorial Plasma Instabilities and Mesospheric Turbulence 4.1 F-Region Plasma Instabilities: Observations 4.2 Development and Initiation of Convective Ionospheric Storms (a.k.a. Equatorial Spread F) 4.2.1 Linear Theory of the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability 4.2.2 The Generalized Rayleigh-Taylor Process: Electric Fields, Neutral Winds, and Horizontal Gradients 4.2.3 The Seeding of Convective Ionospheric Storms by Gravity Waves 4.2.4 Role of Velocity Shear in Convective Ionospheric Storms 4.2.5 Summary of Linear Theory Results 4.3 Nonlinear Theories of Convective Ionospheric Storms 4.3.1 Two-Dimensional Computer Simulations 4.3.2 Simulations Including Seeding and Shear 4.3.3 Summary of Nonlinear Theory Results 4.4 Linkage of Large and Small Scales in CEIS 4.4.1 Evidence for a Diffusive Subrange 4.4.2 The Diffusive Subrange 4.4.3 ...

Inhalt
Preface Chapter 1 Introductory and Background Material 1.1 Scope and Goals of the Text 1.1.1 Historical Perspective 1.1.2 Organization and Limitations 1.2 Structure of the Neutral Atmosphere and the Main Ionosphere 1.3 D-Region Fundamentals 1.4 The Earth's Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere 1.5 Problem Set References Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Plasma Dynamics 2.1 The Basic Fluid Equations 2.1.1 Conservation of Mass 2.1.2 Equation of State 2.1.3 Momentum Equation for the Neutral Fluid 2.1.4 Momentum Equations for the Plasma 2.1.5 The Complete Equation Sets 2.2 Steady-State Ionospheric Plasma Motions Due to Applied Forces 2.3 Generation of Electric Fields 2.4 Electric Field Mapping 2.5 Elements of Magnetospheric Physics 2.5.1 The Guiding Center Equations and the Adiabatic Invariants 2.5.2 Magnetohydrodynamics 2.6 Are Ionospheric Electric Fields Real? 2.7 Coordinate Systems 2.8 Problem Set References Chapter 3 Dynamics and Electrodynamics of the Equatorial Zone 3.1 Motions of the Equatorial F Region: The Data Base 3.2 The Equatorial F-Region Dynamo 3.3 E-Region Dynamo Theory and the Daytime Equatorial Electrojet 3.4 Further Complexities of Equatorial Electrodynamics 3.4.1 The Prereversal Enhancement 3.4.2 High-Latitude Effects on the Equatorial Electric Field 3.5 Feedback Between the Electrodynamics and Thermospheric Winds 3.6 Mesospheric and Lower Thermospheric Dynamics 3.6.1 Atmospheric Winds in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere 3.6.2 A Primer on Turbulence and the Turbopause 3.7 Problem Set References Chapter 4 Equatorial Plasma Instabilities and Mesospheric Turbulence 4.1 F-Region Plasma Instabilities: Observations 4.2 Development and Initiation of Convective Ionospheric Storms (a.k.a. Equatorial Spread F) 4.2.1 Linear Theory of the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability 4.2.2 The Generalized Rayleigh-Taylor Process: Electric Fields, Neutral Winds, and Horizontal Gradients 4.2.3 The Seeding of Convective Ionospheric Storms by Gravity Waves 4.2.4 Role of Velocity Shear in Convective Ionospheric Storms 4.2.5 Summary of Linear Theory Results 4.3 Nonlinear Theories of Convective Ionospheric Storms 4.3.1 Two-Dimensional Computer Simulations 4.3.2 Simulations Including Seeding and Shear 4.3.3 Summary of Nonlinear Theory Results 4.4 Linkage of Large and Small Scales in CEIS 4.4.1 Evidence for a Diffusive Subrange 4.4.2 The Diffusive Subrange 4.4.3 Toward a Unified Theory for the Convective Ionospheric Storm Spectrum 4.5 Convective Ionospheric Storms Summary 4.6 E-Region Plasma Instabilities: The Observational Data Base 4.7 Linear Theories of Electrojet Instabilities 4.8 Nonlinear Theories of Electrojet Instabilities 4.8.1 Two-Step Theories for Secondary Waves 4.8.2 On the Observations that the Phase Velocity of Type I Equatorial Waves is Independent of Angle 4.8.3 Nonlinear Gradient Drift Theories 4.8.4 Nonlinear Studies of Farley-Buneman (FB) Waves 4.9 D-Region Turbulence 4.10 Future Directions 4.11 Problem Set References Chapter 5 Hydro- and Electro-dynamics of The Mid-Latitude Ionosphere 5.1 Introduction to the Tropical and Mid-Latitude Ionospheres 5.1.1 Background Material 5.1.2 On the Height of the Daytime F2 Layer 5.1.3 Equations Including Vertical Flux Without Winds or Electric Fields 5.1.4 F-Layer Solutions with Production, Diffusion, and Flux 5.1.5 More General Nighttime Solutions 5.1.6 The Appleton Anomaly: An Equatorial Electric Field Effect 5.1.7 The Corotation Electric Field and Formation of the Plasmasphere 5.2 Electric Fields in the Tropical and Mid-Latitude Zone 5.2.1 Electric Field Measurements 5.2.2 Neutral Wind Effects 5.2.3 Combined Effects of Electric Fields and Neutral Winds 5.2.4 Complexities of the Real Nighttime Tropical Ionosphere 5.2.5 The Transition Zone between Mid and High Latitudes 5.3 Mid-Latitude L…

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