Methods in Stream Ecology

Methods in Stream Ecology provies a complete series of field and laboratory protocols in stream ecology that are ideal for teaching or conducting research. This new edition is updated to reflect recent advances in the technology associated with ecological assessment of streams, including remote sensing. In addition, the relationship between stream flow and alluviation has been added, and a new chapter on riparian zones is also included. With a student-friendly price, this Second Edition is key for all students and researchers in stream and freshwater ecology, freshwater biology, marine ecology, and river ecology. This text is also supportive as a supplementary text for courses in watershed ecology/science, hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, and landscape ecology.
* Exercises in each chapter
* Detailed instructions, illustrations, formulae, and data sheets for in-field research for students
* Taxanomic keys to common stream invertebrates and algae
* Website with tables
* Link from Chapter 22: FISH COMMUNITY COMPOSITION to an interactive program for assessing and modeling fish numbers

Methods in Stream Ecology, Second Edition, provides a complete series of field and laboratory protocols in stream ecology that are ideal for teaching or conducting research. This updated edition reflects recent advances in the technology associated with ecological assessment of streams, including remote sensing. In addition, the relationship between stream flow and alluviation has been added, and a new chapter on riparian zones is also included. The book features exercises in each chapter; detailed instructions, illustrations, formulae, and data sheets for in-field research for students; and taxanomic keys to common stream invertebrates and algae. With a student-friendly price, this book is key for all students and researchers in stream and freshwater ecology, freshwater biology, marine ecology, and river ecology. This text is also supportive as a supplementary text for courses in watershed ecology/science, hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, and landscape ecology. Exercises in each chapterDetailed instructions, illustrations, formulae, and data sheets for in-field research for studentsTaxanomic keys to common stream invertebrates and algaeLink from Chapter 22: FISH COMMUNITY COMPOSITION to an interactive program for assessing and modeling fish numbers

Leseprobe
CHAPTER 1 Landscapes and Riverscapes Jack A. Stanford Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana I. INTRODUCTION
Streams, rivers, and groundwater flow pathways are the plumbing of the continents. Water coalesces and flows downhill in surface channels and subsurface pathways in response to precipitation patterns and the dynamic form of river basins (catchments). Uplift of mountain ranges, caused by continental drift and volcanism, is continually countered by erosion and deposition (sedimentation) mediated by the forces of wind and water. Catchment landscapes are formed by the long geologic and biological history of the region as well as recent events such as floods, fires, and human-caused environmental disturbances (e.g., deforestation, dams, pollution, exotic species). The term landscape is used extensively, referring generally to the collective attributes of local geography. An expansive view of a stream or river and its catchment, including natural and cultural attributes and interactions, is the "riverscape." For a stream ecologist, a riverscape view of a catchment (river) basin encompasses the entire stream network, including interconnection with groundwater flow pathways, embedded in its terrestrial setting and flowing from the highest elevation in the catchment to the ocean, with considerable animal and human modifications of flow paths likely along the way (Fausch et al. 2002). For example, the earth's largest catchment, the Amazon River basin, occupies over half of the South American continent. Headwaters flow from small catchments containing glaciers and snowfields over 4300 m above sea level on the spine of the Andes Mountains to feed the major tributaries. The tributary rivers converge to form the mainstem Amazon, which flows from the base of the Andes across a virtually flat plate covered by equatorial tropical forest to the Atlantic Ocean. The altitude change is less than 200 m over the nearly 3000 km length of the mainstem river from the base of the Andes to the ocean. Because of the enormous transport power of the massive water volume of the Amazon River, some channels are >100 m deep. In other places along the river corridor the channel is >5km wide, relatively shallow, and filled by sediment deposition (alluviation). Flood waters spread out over huge and heavily vegetated floodplains that support a myriad of fishes and other animals (Day and Davies 1986). The riverscape of the Amazon River, as among all rivers, was molded over time with the river cutting steep canyons through mountain ranges while building (alluviating) expansive floodplains where the slope of the river valley decreased. Rivers drain the continents; transport sediments, nutrients, and other materials from the highlands to the lowlands and oceans; and constantly modify the biophysical character of their catchment basins. These processes occur in direct relation to a particular catchment's global position, climate, orography, and biotic character, coupled with spatial variations in bedrock and other geomorphic features of the riverscape. Within a catchment basin, stream channels usually grow in size and complexity in a downstream direction (Figure 1.1). The smallest or first-order stream channels in the network often begin as outflows from snowfields or springs below porous substrata forming ridges dividing one catchment from another. Two first-order streams coalesce to form a second-order channel and so on to create the network (Strahler 1963). A very large river, like the Amazon, often has several large tributaries, and each of those river tributaries may be fed by several to many smaller streams (Figure 1.1). Thus, each large catchment basin has many subcatchments. FIGURE 1.1 Idealized view of (A)

Inhalt
Section A: Physical Processes 1. Landscapes And Catchment Basins 2. Valley Segments, Stream Reaches, And Channel Units 3. Discharge Measurements And Streamflow Analysis 4. Dynamics Of Flow 5. Temperature, Light, And Oxygen 6. Hyporheic Zones Section B: Material Storage And Transport 7. Fluvial Geomorphic Processes 8. Solute Dynamics 9. Phosphorus Limitation, Uptake, And Turnover In Stream Algae 10. Nitrogen Dynamics 11. Dissolved Organic Carbon 12. Transport And Storage Of Fpom 13. Cpom And Large Wood Section C: Stream Biota 14. Heterotrophic Mirobes 15. Fungi: Biomass, Production And Sporulation Of Aquatic Hyphomycetes 16. Benthic Algae: Distribution And Structure 17. Biomass And Pigments Of Benthic Algae 18. Macrophytes And Bryophytes 19. Meiofauna 20. Macroinvertebrates 21. Macroinvertebrate Movements: Drift, Colonization, And Emergence 22. Fish Community Composition Section D: Community Interactions 23. Plant - Herbivore Interactions 24. Predator-Prey Interactions 25. Trophic Relations Of Macroinvertebrates 26. Trophic Relations Of Stream Fishes 27. Stream Food Webs Section E: Ecosystem Processes 28. Primary Productivity And Community Respiration 29. Secondary Production Of Macroinvertebrates 30. Decomposition In Stream Ecosystems 31. Riparian Processes And Interactions 32. Effects Of Nutrient Enrichment On Periphyton 33. Surface-Subsurface Interactions In Streams Section F: Ecosystem Quality 34. Algae As Biotic Indicators Of Environme…

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